Conclusions Determining mycotoxin binding capacity of compounds is rarely simple and in vitro trials do not provide a reliable indicator of the efficacy of a compound under field conditions. Simple in vitro systems, in which single mycotoxins are tested using constant pH and fixed incubation times, do not correlate well with in vivo feeding trials in terrestrial animals (Garcia et al., 2003). It is impossible to exactly duplicate the pH conditions and the residency time in the various sections of the intestinal tract (Rotter et al., 1989; Van der Eijk, 2003) and even the most sophisticated in vitro models (Zeijdner and Havenaar, 2000; Garcia et al., 2003) cannot account for environmental and other confounding factors that can influence the severity of mycotoxicoses under field conditions. Factors such as stocking density, health status, nutritional status, disease challenges and salinity and temperature stresses could exaggerate the immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumonisin and trichothecenes and comparisons based solely on in vitro results against single mycotoxins under standard conditions must be interpreted with caution. Trial conditions should mimic the actual conditions under which mycotoxin exposure will take place, particularly pH, temperature and, for aquaculture species, salinity. It is also important to consider the speed of mycotoxin adsorption since mycotoxins can be absorbed from the intestine relatively quickly. Thus, trials comparing adsorption over extended periods of several hours may be meaningless since the mycotoxin will have either been absorbed or excreted long before the end of the trial period. In vivo testing of mycotoxin adsorbents is the best guide to efficacy even though in vivo testing in the laboratory may give only a general guide compared with in vivo testing at the farm. There is a dearth of in vivo trials of mycotoxin adsorbents in aquaculture species, partly due to a low recognition of mycotoxin contamination as an issue in aquacultured species. This situation should be addressed given the increased risk of mycotoxin exposure in feeds and raw materials. |
Bautista, M.N, C.R. Lavilla-Pitogo, P.F. Subosa and E.T. Begino. 1994. Aflatoxin B1 contamination of shrimp feeds and its effect on growth and hepatopancreas of pre-adult Penaeus monodon. J. Sci. Food Agri. 65:5-11.Authors: DANIEL F. FEGAN1 and PETER SPRING2
Bintvihok, A., A. Ponpornpisit, J. Tangtrongpiros, W. Panichkriangkrai, R. Rattanapanee, K. Doi and S. Kumagai. 2003. Aflatoxin contamination in shrimp feed and effects of aflatoxin addition to feed on shrimp production. J. Food Protect. 66(5):882-885.
Burgos-Hern醤dez, A., S.L. Far韆s, B. Morales-Leyva, W. Torres-Arreola and J.M. Ezquerra- Brauer. 2003 Presence of mycotoxins in feed for shrimp and their effect on semi-purified trypsin from the hepatopancreas of white shrimp. 54th Annual Meeting of Pacific Fisheries Technologists, Columbia Maritime Museum, Astoria, OR, USA, Feb 23-26.
Cagauan, A.G., R.H. Tayaban, J.R. Somga and R.M. Bartolome. 2005. Effect of aflatoxincontaminated feeds in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). In: Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on Tilapia Aquaculture (R. Bolivar, G. Mair and K. Fitzsimmons, eds). Publ. American Tilapia Association, Charlestown, VA, USA, pp 172-178.
Carlson, D.B., D.E. Williams, J.M. Spitsbergen, P.F. Ross, C.W. Bacon, F.I. Meredith and R.T. Riley. 2001. Fumonisin B1 promotes aflatoxin B1 and N-methyl-N?nitronitrosoguanidine- initiated liver tumors in rainbow trout. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 172(1):29-36.
Carson, M.S. and T.K. Smith. 1983. Effect of feeding alfalfa and refined plant fibres on the toxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin in rats. J. Nutr. 113:304.
Devegowda, G., B.I.R. Arvind, M.G. Morton and K. Rajendra. 1995. A biotechnological approach to counteract aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens and ducklings by the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: Proc. Feed Ingredients Asia ?5, pp. 161-171.
Devegowda, G., B.I.R. Arvind and M.G. Morton. 1996. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mannan oligosaccharides to counteract aflatoxicosis in broilers. Proc. Australian Poultry Science Symposium 8:103-106.
Diaz, D. and T.K. Smith. 2005. Mycotoxin sequestering agents: practical tools for neutralization of mycotoxins. In: The Mycotoxin Blue Book (D. Diaz, ed). Nottingham University Press, UK, pp. 323-339.
FAO. 2001. Manual on the Application of the HACCP System in Mycotoxin Prevention and Control. FAO Food And Nutrition Paper 73. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, p. 114.
FAO. 2004. Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 81. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, p. 180. FDA. 1999. CVM position on mycotoxin binding claims on anticaking agents. http:// www.fda.gov./cvm/mycoxtup.html.
Garc韆, A.R., E. Avila, R. Rosiles and V.M. Petrone. 2003. Evaluation of two mycotoxin binders to reduce toxicity of broiler diets containing ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin contaminated grain. Avian Dis. 47(3):691-699.
Hatai, K., S.S. Kubota, N. Kida and S.-I. Udagawa. 1986. Fusarium oxysporum in Red Sea Bream (Pagrus spp.). J. Wildlife Dis. 22(4):570-571.
Huff, W.E., L.F. Kubena, R.B. Harvey and T.D. Phillips. 1992. Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A. Poult. Sci. 71:64-69.
Hughes, D.M., M.J. Gahl, C.H. Graham and S.L. Grieb. 1999. Overt signs of toxicity to dogs and cats of dietary deoxynivalenol. J. Anim. Sci. 77:693-700.
Huwig, A., S. Freimund, O. K鋚peli and H. Dutler. 2001. Mycotoxin detoxification of animal feed by different adsorbents. Tox. Lett. 122:179-188.
James, L.J. and T.K. Smith. 1982. Effect of dietary alfalfa on zearalenone toxicity and metabolism in rats and swine. J. Anim. Sci. 55(1):110-8.
Kubena, L.F., R.B. Harvey, R.H. Bailey, S.A. Buckley and G.E. Rottinghaus. 1998. Effects of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (T-Bind? on mycotoxicosis in young broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 77:1502-1509.
Kubena, L.F., R.B. Harvey, W.E. Huff, M.H. Elissalde, A.G. Yersin, T.D. Phillips and G.E. Rottinghaus. 1993. Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. Poult. Sci. 72:51-59.
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, p. 304.
McKean, C, L. Tang, M. Billam, M. Tang, C. W. Theodorakis, R. J. Kendall and J.-S. Wang. 2006. Comparative acute and combinative toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin in animals and immortalized human cell lines. J. Appl. Toxicol. 26:139-147.
Oganesian, A, J.D. Hendricks, C.B. Pereira, G.A. Orner, G.S. Bailey and D.E. Williams. 1999. Potency of dietary indole-3-carbinol as a promoter of aflatoxin B1-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis: results from a 9000 animal tumor study. Carcinogenesis 20(3):453- 458.
Ostland V.E., H.W. Ferguson, R.D. Armstrong, A. Asselin and R. Hall. 1987. Granulomatous peritonitis in fish associated with Fusarium solani. Vet. Rec. 121(25-26):595-6.
Ramos, A.J., J. Fink-Gremmels and E. Hernandez. 1996. Prevention of toxic effects of mycotoxins by means of non-nutritive adsorbent compounds. J. Food Prot. 59:631-641.
Razzazi-Fazeli, E., J. Bohm, J. Grajewski, K. Szczepaniak, A. Kubber-Heiss and C. Iben. 2001. Residues of ochratoxin A in pet foods, canine and feline kidneys. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nut. 85:212-216.
Rotter, R.G., A.A. Frohlich and R.R. Marquardt. 1989. Influence of dietary charcoal on ochratoxin A toxicity in leghorn chicks. Can. J. Vet. Res. 53:449-453.
Sahoo, P.K. and S.C. Mukherjee. 2002. Influence of high dietary α-tocopherol intakes on specific immune response, nonspecific resistance factors and disease resistance of healthy and aflatoxin B1-induced immunocompromised Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Aquaculture Nutrition: 8(3):159-168.
Schaeffer, J.L. and P.B. Hamilton. 1991. Interactions of mycotoxins with feed ingredients. Do safe levels exist? In: Mycotoxins and Animal Foods (J.E. Smith and R.S. Henderson, eds). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 827-843.
Shalaby, A.M.E. 2005. The opposing effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on ochratoxin toxicity in Nile tilapia. In: Proc. 6th Int. Symp. on Tilapia Aquaculture (R. Bolivar, G. Mair and K. Fitzsimmons, eds). Publ. American Tilapia Association, Charlestown, VA, USA, pp. 209-221.
Shiau, S.Y., C.C. Kwok, C.J. Chen, H.T. Hong and H.B. Hsieh. 1989. Effects of dietary fibre on the intestinal absorption of dextrin, blood sugar level and growth of tilapia, Oreochromis nilotica ?O. aureus. J. Fish Biol. 34(6):929-935.
Smith, T.K. 2005. Mycotoxins and adsorbents. Feed International 26(4).
Souheil, H., A. Vey, P. Thuet and J.-P. Trilles. 1999. Pathogenic and toxic effects of Fusarium oxysporum (Schecht.) on survival and osmoregulatory capacity of Penaeus japonicus (Bate). Aquaculture 178(3-4):209-224.
Spring, P. and D.F. Fegan. 2005. Mycotoxins - a rising threat to aquaculture. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Proceedings of Alltech抯 21st Annual Symposium (T.P Lyons and K.A. Jacques, eds). Nottingham University Press, UK, pp. 323-331.
Stangroom K.E. and T.K. Smith. 1984. Effect of whole and fractionated dietary alfalfa meal on zearalenone toxicosis and metabolism in rats and swine. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 62(9):1219-24.
Surai, P.F. and J.E. Dvorska. 2005. Effects of mycotoxins on antioxidant status and immunity. In: The Mycotoxin Blue Book (D. Diaz, ed). Nottingham University Press, UK, pp. 93- 137.
Van der Eijk, C. 2003. New technologies improve mycotoxin elimination. Feed Mix 11(1):8-11.
Whitaker, T.B., A.B. Slate and A.S. Johansson. 2005. Sampling feeds for mycotoxin analysis. In: The Mycotoxin Blue Book (D. Diaz, ed). Nottingham University Press, UK, pp. 1-23.
Wolf-Hall, C.E., M.A. Hanna and L.B. Bullerman. 1999. Stability of deoxynivalenol in heat-treated foods. J. Food Prot. 62:962-964.
Wyatt, R.D. 2005. Mycotoxin interactions. In: The Mycotoxin Blue Book (D. Diaz, ed). Nottingham University Press, UK, pp. 269-278.
Yiannikouris, A., L. Poughon, X. Cameleyre, C.-G. Dussap, J. Francois, G. Bertin and J.-P. Jouany. 2003. A novel technique to evaluate interactions between Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall and mycotoxins: application to zearalenone. Biotechnol. Lett. 25:783-789.
Yiannikouris, A., G. Andre, A. Bul閛n, G. Jeminet, L. Canet, J. Francois, G. Bertin and J.-P. Jouany. 2004a. Comprehensive conformational study of key interactions involved in zearalenone complexation with ?D-glucans. Biomacromolecules 5:2176-2185.
Yiannikouris, A., J. Francois, L. Poughon, C.-G. Dussap, G. Bertin, G. Jeminet and J.- P. Jouany. 2004b. Adsorption of zearalenone by ?D-glucans in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall. J. Food Prot. 67:1195-1200.
Yiannikouris, A., J. Francois, L. Poughon, C.-G. Dussap, G. Bertin, G. Jeminet and J.- P. Jouany. 2004c. Alkali-extraction of ?D-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall and study of their adsorptive properties toward zearalenone. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:3666-3673.
Yiannikouris, A., G. Bertin and J.-P. Jouany. 2005. Reducing mycotoxin impact: the science behind Mycosorb? In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Proceedings of Alltech抯 21st Annual Symposium (T.P Lyons and K.A. Jacques, eds). Nottingham University Press, UK, pp. 265-276.
Yildirim, M., B. Manning, R.T. Lovell, J.M. Grizzle, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2000. Toxicity of moniliformin and fumonisin B1 fed singly and in combination in diets for channel catfish. J. World Aqua. Soc. 31:599-608.
Zeijdner, E. and R. Havenaar. 2000. The fate of orally administrated compounds during passage through the gastrointestinal tract simulated in a dynamic in vitro model. European Pharmaceutical Contractor, Feb 2003:76-81.
Zekovic, D.B., S. Kwiatkowski, D. Jakovijevic and C. Moran. 2005. Natural and modified (1-3)-?D-glucans in health promotion and disease alleviation. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 25:205-230.
歡迎光臨 畜牧人 (http://ffers.com.cn/) | Powered by Discuz! X3.5 |