標題: 請老師們幫忙 [打印本頁] 作者: hyy1012 時間: 2008-2-20 11:57 標題: 請老師們幫忙 It might be possible to affect placental transfer of nutrients by the administration of cortical hormones but it would not appear to be a very practical method.
Would moustgaard comment on the nutrition of the embryo in the very early stages before the implantation of the fertilized ova. What is the significance of uterine milk(子宮乳) in the pig? Is it in any way related to survival of the embryos at that stage.
We have examined the composition of uterine milk in a number of species but not as yet the pig. Large quantities of a muco- protein complex appear in the uterus under the influence of progesterone(孕激素)which probably is intimately involved in the nutrition of the blastocysts. There is a good deal of variation in blastocyst size before implantation but it is not known whether this is related to survival rate. There is certainly evidence of differential growth of blastocysts in relation to differences in the composition of uterine milk. We have examined this by transplantation of ova in rabbits and recorded the influence of uterine milk compositon on the subsequent growth of these eggs. As yet
the precise composition of the muco-protein complex is not defined.
May I refer now to moustgaard’s seventh figure which shows a very high heat invrement in advanced pregnancy; this taken in conjunction with the evidence presented by salmon-legagneur regarding changes in body composition, suggests that whereas the utilization of energy is comparatively low, that for protein is good. This is explained by the influence of oestrogen in the late pregnancy, or in other words, these changes are consistent with the change in endocrine balance.
It appears unlikely that the pig should be very different from other species, notably the sheep, in which birthweight can be readily manipulated by varying the plane of nutrition of the dam. Has experimental work in this field with the pig been complicated by variations in the body composition or degree of fatness of the sows used in relation to the time at which varying planes of nutrition have been imposed?
It would be inappropriate(不恰當的) to ….
It is quite apparent from what has been said that creep feeding has an important influence on the weaning weight of piglets; furthermore the post weaning check is of considerable significance in practice……….this would obviate the post weaning check(斷奶后生長受阻).
There is in fact, little information available regarding the factors which affect creep feed intake by piglets. Dempster’s suggestion might conceivably have considerable merit though I would not like to speculate too far as to the success of its operation in practice. Among other things there is considerable variation between piglets in creep feed consumption. This suggestion should be examined experimentally.
Would it not be logical to wean the piglets so that the complications relating to the interaction of feed from the sow and feed from the creep would be eliminated?
The main factor here is the economic one :creep feed of the necessary composition is very much more costly than a sow ration.
How important is access to a water supply in relation to creep-feed consumption by piglets?
There is very little information but certainly piglets will consume appreciable quantities of water even in the very early stages.
It is quite apparent from the data now available that there is considerable variation in performance between even closely related sows. The small numbers used in
some experiments must surely lead to conclusions of doubtful validity.
At leeds groups of 18 sows per treatment are now being used and this number appears to be inadequate. I feel strongly that data should be obtained over 3 or 4 litters before any valid conclusion can be obtained.
Jesperson and olsen in Denmark, in work conducted before the war, divided their sows into groups in relation to their ‘level of performance’. Nutritional treatments yielded different results dependent upon the inherent potential of the sows in question.
Would Lodge comment in connection with the nutrient requirements of sows which are both gestating and lactating?
Simultaneous gestation and lactation is not common but if the sow were to be successfully mated after say three weeks of lactation, the extra nutrient requirements for early pregnancy are of a very low order?
In my experience when pregnancy does occur in the sow during lactation, then agalactia occurs. Would Lodge comment as to the effect of varying creep feed consumption by piglets on the milk they obtain from the sow?
The behaviour pattern with regard to frequency of sucking remains unchanged irrespective of creep-feed consumption. I would conclude that the milk supply of the sow is more likely to influence creep-feed consumption rather than the reverse.
We have been quite successful in the mating of sows during lactation without the untoward effects mentioned by Boaz.
May I raise a question in relation to Morgan’s experimental work on the significance of dietary energy:protein ratio on pig performance. Would not the protein levels be better defined in terms of amino acids? The 14 percent protein level might have an amino acid status equivalent to that in the 20 percent protein diet. In our own work we are working on energy:lysine ratios.
This is a valid point but I would emphasize that if one considers lysine alone on could very easily overlook a number of other interrelated variables. In our studies we tried to ensure that there were no amino acid deficiencies. In the first instance we were examining the significance of over all protein level without complication by individual amino acid limitations.
The high-energy rations were composed of maize and wheat, low energy status being achieved by using the more fibrous foods. There are a considerable number of variables involved but it is virtually impossible to control everything with equal specificity.
Are the experiments described designed statistically? It is difficult to decide in advance upon the number of animals necessary when one is unaware of the variation which could be expected in relation to the selected dietary treatments, but results are subject to statistical analysis. The experiments are initially designed to answer problems in nutrition.
May I elaborate further the point made by Morgan in reply to Livingston. When we substitute on feed for another, say wheat for oats, are we likely to be overlooking the specific effects which individual ingredients may exert over and above differences in energy level? For example, it has been suggested that wheat exerts a specific effect on fattening in this sense.
I think it is unlikely that individual ingredients have such specific effects. Possibly in some investigations in the past the protein, mineral or vitamin supplements fed in conjunction with cereals have not provided a satisfactory balance. In practical recommendations we ensure that minimum requirements of the diet we are allowing excesses, but this we have to tolerate.
May I elaborate a little on behalf of Rerat and Salmonlegagneur. The levels of feeding quoted refer to the levels of feed intake during the final month of pregnancy, not the entire period. The object of the work was to investigate the effect of two planes of nutrition over this period on subsequent milk production. The sows weighed around 500ib.
Perhaps Lodge would state his views with regard to the question of the desirability of allowing the sow to gain in body-weight during pregnancy, discounting in this sense the weight increase relating to the uterus and products of conception. An analogous situation occurs in the feeding of dairy cows and such an increase is necessary to provide an ‘essential driving force’ for subsequent lactation. Milk-yield potential is determined by the time parturition occurs; foodstuffs, as such, have no direct stimulatory effect on milk secretion. Nutrients are supplied during lactation simply to meet the nutritive demands of lactation.
What level of feeding does Lodge recommend? Should feed input be constant throughout pregnancy or should the plane of nutrition be stepped up over the final month?
I understand that self-feeding of sows is not common practice. We are concerned with the avoidance of overfatness in sows and consequently, in practice we mix a pig-grower ration with ground alfalfa hay or wheat bran in the proportion 2:1. self-feeding with such a ration permits each individual sow to satisfy her appetite but overfatness is obviated.
The difficulty is related to the cost of such high fibre rations. The procedure described by Crampton could not be economic under our conditions.
May I comment with regard to methods of experimentation. We should be as much concerned with interaction of treatments as with the effects of the treatments per se; for example we have examined the effects of dietary protein level on the lean:fat ratio of pig carcasses in relation to climatic environment. The farmer is concerned with what happens to the animal under his unique circumstances.
With reference to Braude’s paper on ‘concepts of nutrition and the formulation of pig diets’, the majority of the paper was an attack on the heavy pig, but since the divergence of opinion between Braude and Messrs. The salient issue is the economic production of lean meat and the savings in the cost of lean through the inherent advantages of the heavy pig such as spread of weaner costs, better killing out percentage, lower labour costs and cheaper finishing rations more than counterbalance the additional cost of fat produced in the later stages.
In presenting his paper Braude made no reference to the compilation of rations for pigs. I interpreted my task as being one requiring some synthesis of the factors which have to be taken into account when attempting to evolve standards for nutrient requirements or a basis for ration compilation. Quite clearly advice given to any individual pig producer must be qualitied in relation to his unique circumstances and with reference to the performance levels that he can reasonably anticipate on the basis of his previous experiences. He has to gamble to some extent on the margins of safety he considers appropriate.
Such observations are very valuable in that they relate to a considerable number of pigs representing a random sample of animals drawn from the pig population as a whole. Would he give his views regarding the factors which govern the variations in response to treatments found in different centres?.
It is impossible to eliminate variations between centres participating in co-ordinated trials. We attempt to assess whether or not the distribution of variance is ‘normal’ but we cannot comprehensively evaluated the factors responsible, though this is the aim.
During the course of this conference the majority of the members have been privileged to listen to a series of expositions, arguments and philosophical reflections on innumerable aspects of the digestive physiology and nutrition of pigs and poultry. The active minority has spoken of its researches and investigations to the edification of all and as this conference draws to a close one may well reflect on what immediate and remote effects these deliberations are likely to have on the pattern of animal production in the various countries and areas represented here. Many of us are responsible for advising farmers or for translating into practical terms on the use and supply of rations for pigs and poultry. We must weigh up what we have learned and heard and consider to what extent present concepts of feeding and formulation of diets should be modified.
I should like to try and sum up a few of the more striking impressions that this conference has left upon me as an adviser. I speak also for my advisory colleagues in expressing our warmest thanks for the great privilege of attending.
First of all we would agree with professor Amoroso’s dictum that agricultural research should be as much concerned with securing new fundamental information for its own sake as with solving practical livestock nutritional problems. The papers of the first evening well illustrated this and subsequent speakers reminded us of the necessity of looking at the nutrition and physiology of pigs and poultry in relation to factors of environment, health, genetics and management. Unfortunately other speakers tended to lose this perspective in their ardent enthusiasm for the particular aspects of nutrition with which they were concerned; in striving to arrive at fundamental truths of nutrition as applicable to pigs and poultry on the farm they often completely ignored the possible modifications of their findings as brought about by farm circumstances.
Those of us responsible for the examination of farm feedingstuffs are only too aware of the wide diversity in composition of even the so-called standard foods such as cereals. It was surprising that some speakers concerned with calculation of the amino acid requirements of different species should be prepared to accept, at least tacitly the present very limited range of data on the amino acid make-up of different foods. Stress was laid and rightly so that there could be an over-all 100 percent variation in the nitrogen content of different samples of barley. Is it unlikely that there is just as great a variation in the individual amino acid make-up of the usual animal and vegetable protein foods? Are the diets we are prepared to recommend necessarily going to be more precise by an acceptance of the validity of the very few published figures of the amino acid contents of certain high protein food sources?
We must always consider the ultimate practicability of our findings. We learn that it may require the addition of 10 percent calcium carbonate as chalk or limestone flour to the diet of the laying hen to ensure that she remains in calcium equilibrium. How many advisers would dare to risk advocating such a dusty type of diet or how many compounders would be prepared to market such a food?
Despite the many considerable advances in our knowledge of the nutrition of farm animals, we still have to rely for practical implementation very largely on the limited range of feedingsstuffs as they have known for a long time. Ultimately we do not feed our animals on so many calories and amino acids, units of vitamins, grams of minerals and so on; we give them their food in the shape of cereals, animal and vegetable protein foods, chalk, salt, ect. One wonders how far there is point in attempting to define too accurately specific requirements for pigs and poultry in the light of all the variable circumstances that surround these biological units. Even when these requirements become more accurately defined, their practical implementations will require somewhat arbitrary margins of safety to cover the ranges of variation inherent in biological systems.
I make theses various points not in a spirit of destructive criticism but to remind our fundamental colleagues that their findings, past, present and future, have still to be interpreted into practical realities. The adviser ultimately has the task of translating fundamental work into practice, whether he suggests to the farmer what needs to be given to his livestock or whether he is responsible for advising the food manufacturer what to do to put a nutritionally adequate diet on to the farm. Moreover he has to stand or fall by the success or otherwise of the advice he tenders. The research worker’s job is done when he has determined as accurately as possible the specific nutrient needs of farm livestock. The adviser and food manufacturer have to carry the work forward into the practical realities of the farm with all its diversities of environment, type f stock.
It would be most appropriate to express thanks on behalf of the food compounding trade, whose representatives comprise roughly one-third of the members of this conference for the invitation to be present. We have all been privileged to listen to a series of extremely well-presented papers on topics which are of great relevance to our own interests.作者: 學習 時間: 2008-2-27 15:57
這是干啥??？需要翻譯？作者: 雨寒 時間: 2008-2-27 16:12
專業(yè)英語呀，你可以用網上翻譯來搞呀作者: gordoncase 時間: 2008-2-27 16:29 標題: 回復 樓主 的帖子 找找身邊的高手幫幫忙吧作者: liamort 時間: 2008-3-3 13:33
還是找個摘要翻譯一下，或者來這里找人幫忙可以。作者: wning 時間: 2008-3-6 19:17
It might be possible to affect placental transfer of nutrients by the administration of cortical hormones but it would not appear to be a very practical method.
應用皮質激素有可能對胎盤的營養(yǎng)物質轉運產生影響，但它在實際應用中采用這種方式不大可行
Would moustgaard comment on the nutrition of the embryo in the very early stages before the implantation of the fertilized ova. What is the significance of uterine milk(子宮乳) in the pig? Is it in any way related to survival of the embryos at that stage.
Would Moustgaard對受精卵定植前的早期胚胎營養(yǎng)作了說明。豬的子宮乳重要性是什么？它與定植前的早期胚胎營養(yǎng)有什么關系嗎？
We have examined the composition of uterine milk in a number of species but not as yet the pig. Large quantities of a muco- protein complex appear in the uterus under the influence of progesterone(孕激素)which probably is intimately involved in the nutrition of the blastocysts. There is a good deal of variation in blastocyst size before implantation but it is not known whether this is related to survival rate. There is certainly evidence of differential growth of blastocysts in relation to differences in the composition of uterine milk. We have examined this by transplantation of ova in rabbits and recorded the influence of uterine milk compositon on the subsequent growth of these eggs. As yet
the precise composition of the muco-protein complex is not defined.
我們已經測定了除了豬以外的許多動物的子宮乳的組成。在孕激素的作用下子宮中產生大量的粘蛋白，它們也與囊胚的營養(yǎng)有密切的關系。囊胚的大小在定植前有很大的差異，但是目前還不知道這會不會影響到胚胎的存活率。有確切的證據證明囊胚的生長與子宮乳的差異有關系。我們已經通過移植兔的卵細胞驗明了這一現象，并且記錄了子宮乳的組成對這些卵細胞后續(xù)生長的影響。不過粘蛋白的確切的組成還沒有確定
May I refer now to moustgaard’s seventh figure which shows a very high heat invrement in advanced pregnancy; this taken in conjunction with the evidence presented by salmon-legagneur regarding changes in body composition, suggests that whereas the utilization of energy is comparatively low, that for protein is good. This is explained by the influence of oestrogen in the late pregnancy, or in other words, these changes are consistent with the change in endocrine balance.
現在我要引用Moustgaard的第七個圖表，它展示了在懷孕后期出現了非常高的熱增耗，這與salmon-legagneur對于體組成所提供的證據一起共同說明了雖然能量的利用率比較低，但是這對蛋白質來說是件好事。這種現象用雌激素對妊娠后期的影響來解釋，或者換句話說，這些改變與內分泌平衡的變化是一致的
It appears unlikely that the pig should be very different from other species, notably the sheep, in which birthweight can be readily manipulated by varying the plane of nutrition of the dam. Has experimental work in this field with the pig been complicated by variations in the body composition or degree of fatness of the sows used in relation to the time at which varying planes of nutrition have been imposed?
It would be inappropriate(不恰當的) to ….
It is quite apparent from what has been said that creep feeding has an important influence on the weaning weight of piglets; furthermore the post weaning check is of considerable significance in practice……….this would obviate the post weaning check(斷奶后生長受阻).
There is in fact, little information available regarding the factors which affect creep feed intake by piglets. Dempster’s suggestion might conceivably have considerable merit though I would not like to speculate too far as to the success of its operation in practice. Among other things there is considerable variation between piglets in creep feed consumption. This suggestion should be examined experimentally.
Would it not be logical to wean the piglets so that the complications relating to the interaction of feed from the sow and feed from the creep would be eliminated?
The main factor here is the economic one :creep feed of the necessary composition is very much more costly than a sow ration.
How important is access to a water supply in relation to creep-feed consumption by piglets?
There is very little information but certainly piglets will consume appreciable quantities of water even in the very early stages.
It is quite apparent from the data now available that there is considerable variation in performance between even closely related sows. The small numbers used in
some experiments must surely lead to conclusions of doubtful validity.
At leeds groups of 18 sows per treatment are now being used and this number appears to be inadequate. I feel strongly that data should be obtained over 3 or 4 litters before any valid conclusion can be obtained.
Jesperson and olsen in Denmark, in work conducted before the war, divided their sows into groups in relation to their ‘level of performance’. Nutritional treatments yielded different results dependent upon the inherent potential of the sows in question.
Would Lodge comment in connection with the nutrient requirements of sows which are both gestating and lactating?
Simultaneous gestation and lactation is not common but if the sow were to be successfully mated after say three weeks of lactation, the extra nutrient requirements for early pregnancy are of a very low order?
In my experience when pregnancy does occur in the sow during lactation, then agalactia occurs. Would Lodge comment as to the effect of varying creep feed consumption by piglets on the milk they obtain from the sow?
The behaviour pattern with regard to frequency of sucking remains unchanged irrespective of creep-feed consumption. I would conclude that the milk supply of the sow is more likely to influence creep-feed consumption rather than the reverse.
We have been quite successful in the mating of sows during lactation without the untoward effects mentioned by Boaz.
May I raise a question in relation to Morgan’s experimental work on the significance of dietary energy:protein ratio on pig performance. Would not the protein levels be better defined in terms of amino acids? The 14 percent protein level might have an amino acid status equivalent to that in the 20 percent protein diet. In our own work we are working on energy:lysine ratios.
This is a valid point but I would emphasize that if one considers lysine alone on could very easily overlook a number of other interrelated variables. In our studies we tried to ensure that there were no amino acid deficiencies. In the first instance we were examining the significance of over all protein level without complication by individual amino acid limitations.
The high-energy rations were composed of maize and wheat, low energy status being achieved by using the more fibrous foods. There are a considerable number of variables involved but it is virtually impossible to control everything with equal specificity.
Are the experiments described designed statistically? It is difficult to decide in advance upon the number of animals necessary when one is unaware of the variation which could be expected in relation to the selected dietary treatments, but results are subject to statistical analysis. The experiments are initially designed to answer problems in nutrition.
May I elaborate further the point made by Morgan in reply to Livingston. When we substitute on feed for another, say wheat for oats, are we likely to be overlooking the specific effects which individual ingredients may exert over and above differences in energy level? For example, it has been suggested that wheat exerts a specific effect on fattening in this sense.
I think it is unlikely that individual ingredients have such specific effects. Possibly in some investigations in the past the protein, mineral or vitamin supplements fed in conjunction with cereals have not provided a satisfactory balance. In practical recommendations we ensure that minimum requirements of the diet we are allowing excesses, but this we have to tolerate.
May I elaborate a little on behalf of Rerat and Salmonlegagneur. The levels of feeding quoted refer to the levels of feed intake during the final month of pregnancy, not the entire period. The object of the work was to investigate the effect of two planes of nutrition over this period on subsequent milk production. The sows weighed around 500ib.
Perhaps Lodge would state his views with regard to the question of the desirability of allowing the sow to gain in body-weight during pregnancy, discounting in this sense the weight increase relating to the uterus and products of conception. An analogous situation occurs in the feeding of dairy cows and such an increase is necessary to provide an ‘essential driving force’ for subsequent lactation. Milk-yield potential is determined by the time parturition occurs; foodstuffs, as such, have no direct stimulatory effect on milk secretion. Nutrients are supplied during lactation simply to meet the nutritive demands of lactation.
What level of feeding does Lodge recommend? Should feed input be constant throughout pregnancy or should the plane of nutrition be stepped up over the final month?
I understand that self-feeding of sows is not common practice. We are concerned with the avoidance of overfatness in sows and consequently, in practice we mix a pig-grower ration with ground alfalfa hay or wheat bran in the proportion 2:1. self-feeding with such a ration permits each individual sow to satisfy her appetite but overfatness is obviated.
The difficulty is related to the cost of such high fibre rations. The procedure described by Crampton could not be economic under our conditions.
May I comment with regard to methods of experimentation. We should be as much concerned with interaction of treatments as with the effects of the treatments per se; for example we have examined the effects of dietary protein level on the lean:fat ratio of pig carcasses in relation to climatic environment. The farmer is concerned with what happens to the animal under his unique circumstances.
With reference to Braude’s paper on ‘concepts of nutrition and the formulation of pig diets’, the majority of the paper was an attack on the heavy pig, but since the divergence of opinion between Braude and Messrs. The salient issue is the economic production of lean meat and the savings in the cost of lean through the inherent advantages of the heavy pig such as spread of weaner costs, better killing out percentage, lower labour costs and cheaper finishing rations more than counterbalance the additional cost of fat produced in the later stages.
In presenting his paper Braude made no reference to the compilation of rations for pigs. I interpreted my task as being one requiring some synthesis of the factors which have to be taken into account when attempting to evolve standards for nutrient requirements or a basis for ration compilation. Quite clearly advice given to any individual pig producer must be qualitied in relation to his unique circumstances and with reference to the performance levels that he can reasonably anticipate on the basis of his previous experiences. He has to gamble to some extent on the margins of safety he considers appropriate.
Such observations are very valuable in that they relate to a considerable number of pigs representing a random sample of animals drawn from the pig population as a whole. Would he give his views regarding the factors which govern the variations in response to treatments found in different centres?.
It is impossible to eliminate variations between centres participating in co-ordinated trials. We attempt to assess whether or not the distribution of variance is ‘normal’ but we cannot comprehensively evaluated the factors responsible, though this is the aim.
During the course of this conference the majority of the members have been privileged to listen to a series of expositions, arguments and philosophical reflections on innumerable aspects of the digestive physiology and nutrition of pigs and poultry. The active minority has spoken of its researches and investigations to the edification of all and as this conference draws to a close one may well reflect on what immediate and remote effects these deliberations are likely to have on the pattern of animal production in the various countries and areas represented here. Many of us are responsible for advising farmers or for translating into practical terms on the use and supply of rations for pigs and poultry. We must weigh up what we have learned and heard and consider to what extent present concepts of feeding and formulation of diets should be modified.
I should like to try and sum up a few of the more striking impressions that this conference has left upon me as an adviser. I speak also for my advisory colleagues in expressing our warmest thanks for the great privilege of attending.
First of all we would agree with professor Amoroso’s dictum that agricultural research should be as much concerned with securing new fundamental information for its own sake as with solving practical livestock nutritional problems. The papers of the first evening well illustrated this and subsequent speakers reminded us of the necessity of looking at the nutrition and physiology of pigs and poultry in relation to factors of environment, health, genetics and management. Unfortunately other speakers tended to lose this perspective in their ardent enthusiasm for the particular aspects of nutrition with which they were concerned; in striving to arrive at fundamental truths of nutrition as applicable to pigs and poultry on the farm they often completely ignored the possible modifications of their findings as brought about by farm circumstances.
Those of us responsible for the examination of farm feedingstuffs are only too aware of the wide diversity in composition of even the so-called standard foods such as cereals. It was surprising that some speakers concerned with calculation of the amino acid requirements of different species should be prepared to accept, at least tacitly the present very limited range of data on the amino acid make-up of different foods. Stress was laid and rightly so that there could be an over-all 100 percent variation in the nitrogen content of different samples of barley. Is it unlikely that there is just as great a variation in the individual amino acid make-up of the usual animal and vegetable protein foods? Are the diets we are prepared to recommend necessarily going to be more precise by an acceptance of the validity of the very few published figures of the amino acid contents of certain high protein food sources?
We must always consider the ultimate practicability of our findings. We learn that it may require the addition of 10 percent calcium carbonate as chalk or limestone flour to the diet of the laying hen to ensure that she remains in calcium equilibrium. How many advisers would dare to risk advocating such a dusty type of diet or how many compounders would be prepared to market such a food?
Despite the many considerable advances in our knowledge of the nutrition of farm animals, we still have to rely for practical implementation very largely on the limited range of feedingsstuffs as they have known for a long time. Ultimately we do not feed our animals on so many calories and amino acids, units of vitamins, grams of minerals and so on; we give them their food in the shape of cereals, animal and vegetable protein foods, chalk, salt, ect. One wonders how far there is point in attempting to define too accurately specific requirements for pigs and poultry in the light of all the variable circumstances that surround these biological units. Even when these requirements become more accurately defined, their practical implementations will require somewhat arbitrary margins of safety to cover the ranges of variation inherent in biological systems.
I make theses various points not in a spirit of destructive criticism but to remind our fundamental colleagues that their findings, past, present and future, have still to be interpreted into practical realities. The adviser ultimately has the task of translating fundamental work into practice, whether he suggests to the farmer what needs to be given to his livestock or whether he is responsible for advising the food manufacturer what to do to put a nutritionally adequate diet on to the farm. Moreover he has to stand or fall by the success or otherwise of the advice he tenders. The research worker’s job is done when he has determined as accurately as possible the specific nutrient needs of farm livestock. The adviser and food manufacturer have to carry the work forward into the practical realities of the farm with all its diversities of environment, type f stock.
It would be most appropriate to express thanks on behalf of the food compounding trade, whose representatives comprise roughly one-third of the members of this conference for the invitation to be present. We have all been privileged to listen to a series of extremely well-presented papers on topics which are of great relevance to our own interests.作者: qiaoyongniu 時間: 2008-3-7 08:28 標題: 回復 樓主 的帖子 樓主，你這個也太多了，我們根本沒有這么多時間幫你翻阿，還是找點短的來吧！作者: monica 時間: 2008-3-16 23:10
It might be possible to affect placental transfer of nutrients by the administration of cortical hormones but it would not appear to be a very practical method.
似乎可以通過服用腎上腺皮質激素來影響胎盤對營養(yǎng)物質的轉運，但是這種方法卻很難在實際中得到應用。
Would moustgaard comment on the nutrition of the embryo in the very early stages before the implantation of the fertilized ova. What is the significance of uterine milk(子宮乳) in the pig? Is it in any way related to survival of the embryos at that stage.
Moustgaard對受精卵定植前的早期胚胎營養(yǎng)作了說明嗎？對豬來講，子宮乳的意義何在？子宮乳與早期胚胎的存活有什么關系？
We have examined the composition of uterine milk in a number of species but not as yet the pig. Large quantities of a muco- protein complex appear in the uterus under the influence of progesterone(孕激素)which probably is intimately involved in the nutrition of the blastocysts. There is a good deal of variation in blastocyst size before implantation but it is not known whether this is related to survival rate. There is certainly evidence of differential growth of blastocysts in relation to differences in the composition of uterine milk. We have examined this by transplantation of ova in rabbits and recorded the influence of uterine milk compositon on the subsequent growth of these eggs. As yet the precise composition of the muco-protein complex is not defined.
我們已經測定了很多動物的子宮乳組成，但不包括豬。受孕激素影響，子宮會分泌大量粘蛋白復合物，它們可能也與囊胚的營養(yǎng)有關。囊胚的大小在定植前會不同，但是還不知道大小的差異是否和存活率有關。有事實表明，囊胚的生長與子宮乳的組成有關。我們已經通過兔子的卵細胞定植證明了這一點，并且紀錄了子宮乳組成對后續(xù)卵細胞生長的影響。但是到目前為止仍然不知道粘蛋白復合物的組成。
May I refer now to moustgaard’s seventh figure which shows a very high heat invrement in advanced pregnancy; this taken in conjunction with the evidence presented by salmon-legagneur regarding changes in body composition, suggests that whereas the utilization of energy is comparatively low, that for protein is good. This is explained by the influence of oestrogen in the late pregnancy, or in other words, these changes are consistent with the change in endocrine balance.
我引用Moustgaard的第七個圖表來說明妊娠后期非常高的熱增耗；這與salmon-legagneur提供的關于體組成的變化一起說明：雖然這時能量的利用相對低了，但是蛋白質卻相反。這可以通過妊娠后期雌激素的作用來解釋，換句話說，這種代謝變化與內分泌平衡的變化是一致的。
It appears unlikely that the pig should be very different from other species, notably the sheep, in which birthweight can be readily manipulated by varying the plane of nutrition of the dam. Has experimental work in this field with the pig been complicated by variations in the body composition or degree of fatness of the sows used in relation to the time at which varying planes of nutrition have been imposed?
豬應該與其它動物很相似，尤其是綿羊，都可以很容易的通過改變母畜的營養(yǎng)狀況來改變幼畜的出生重。在妊娠母豬強化營養(yǎng)階段，研究母豬體組成／背膘厚對仔豬出生重的影響，進行這樣的實驗并不是很復雜的。
It would be inappropriate(不恰當的) to ….
It is quite apparent from what has been said that creep feeding has an important influence on the weaning weight of piglets; furthermore the post weaning check is of considerable significance in practice……….this would obviate the post weaning check(斷奶后生長受阻).
根據前面的講解很容易得出這樣的結論：教槽料顯著影響仔豬的斷奶體重；展開來講，斷奶后仔豬的生長受阻的問題在實踐中也很突出。。。。。。這樣就可以避免仔豬斷奶后生長受阻的發(fā)生。
There is in fact, little information available regarding the factors which affect creep feed intake by piglets. Dempster’s suggestion might conceivably have considerable merit though I would not like to speculate too far as to the success of its operation in practice. Among other things there is considerable variation between piglets in creep feed consumption. This suggestion should be examined experimentally.
事實上，有關影響仔豬教槽料采食量的因素的研究資料很少。雖然我不原意就Dempster的建議能否在未來生產中成功應用作出推測，但是他的想法卻是是很不錯。
Would it not be logical to wean the piglets so that the complications relating to the interaction of feed from the sow and feed from the creep would be eliminated?
難度我們會因為給仔豬斷奶不符合邏輯就可以忽略母豬料和教槽料之間互作的復雜性了嗎？
The main factor here is the economic one :creep feed of the necessary composition is very much more costly than a sow ration.
主要的還是經濟因素：教槽料中的關鍵原料要比母豬料貴好多。
How important is access to a water supply in relation to creep-feed consumption by piglets?
飲水量對提高教槽量的采食量來說到底有多重要？
There is very little information but certainly piglets will consume appreciable quantities of water even in the very early stages.
雖然數據不是很多，但是可以肯定仔豬在很小的時候飲水量就很可觀了。
It is quite apparent from the data now available that there is considerable variation in performance between even closely related sows. The small numbers used in some experiments must surely lead to conclusions of doubtful validity.
根據現在的研究，顯而易見，即使狀況很相近的母豬群，生產性能還是有差異的。如果實驗母豬頭數不足，那就肯定會得出令人懷疑的結論。
At leeds groups of 18 sows per treatment are now being used and this number appears to be inadequate. I feel strongly that data should be obtained over 3 or 4 litters before any valid conclusion can be obtained.
本實驗中每個處理組至少有１８頭母豬，這個數似乎仍然不足。我強烈建議：至少要作３－４胎，才可以得出一些結論。
Jesperson and olsen in Denmark, in work conducted before the war, divided their sows into groups in relation to their ‘level of performance’. Nutritional treatments yielded different results dependent upon the inherent potential of the sows in question.
丹麥的Jesperson and olsen，曾根據母豬的“生產性能水平”進行分組實驗。不同的營養(yǎng)處理得出的結論與這些“生產性能水平相同”的母豬的本身繁殖潛力有關。
Would Lodge comment in connection with the nutrient requirements of sows which are both gestating and lactating?
Lodge會對泌乳期間妊娠的母豬的營養(yǎng)需要進行說明嗎？
Simultaneous gestation and lactation is not common but if the sow were to be successfully mated after say three weeks of lactation, the extra nutrient requirements for early pregnancy are of a very low order?
泌乳期間妊娠并不常見，但是如果泌乳３周后成功配種，那么這個階段的妊娠營養(yǎng)需要會很低嗎？
In my experience when pregnancy does occur in the sow during lactation, then agalactia occurs. Would Lodge comment as to the effect of varying creep feed consumption by piglets on the milk they obtain from the sow?
根據我的實驗研究，如果泌乳期間妊娠，母豬就會發(fā)生無乳。關于改變仔豬教槽料的采食量對母乳的影響，Lodge會作說明嗎？
The behaviour pattern with regard to frequency of sucking remains unchanged irrespective of creep-feed consumption. I would conclude that the milk supply of the sow is more likely to influence creep-feed consumption rather than the reverse.
盡管仔豬采食了教槽料，但是它們吮吸母乳的頻率并沒有變。我可以推斷，母乳的供給很可能會影響仔豬教槽料采食量，而不是沒有影響的。
We have been quite successful in the mating of sows during lactation without the untoward effects mentioned by Boaz.
我們在母豬泌乳期間已經成功的完成了配種，而且沒有發(fā)生Boaz所提到的那種不好影響。
May I raise a question in relation to Morgan’s experimental work on the significance of dietary energy:protein ratio on pig performance. Would not the protein levels be better defined in terms of amino acids? The 14 percent protein level might have an amino acid status equivalent to that in the 20 percent protein diet. In our own work we are working on energy:lysine ratios.
我可以就Morgan的“關于日糧能量：蛋白質比對豬生產性能重要影響的實驗研究”提個問題嗎？難道蛋白質的水平不可以用氨基酸來更準確的定義嗎？１４％的粗蛋白質的氨基酸水平可以與２０％粗蛋白水平一樣的。在我們自己的研究中，我們正在進行能量：氨基酸比例的研究。
This is a valid point but I would emphasize that if one considers lysine alone on could very easily overlook a number of other interrelated variables. In our studies we tried to ensure that there were no amino acid deficiencies. In the first instance we were examining the significance of over all protein level without complication by individual amino acid limitations.
我特別強調比較重要的一點：如果您僅僅考慮賴氨酸，那會很容易的就忽略了其他很多有內在關系的氨基酸。在我們的研究中，我們力求保證沒有一種氨基酸缺乏。在正在進行的第一個實驗中，我們是驗證不缺乏任何單一氨基酸的情況下，蛋白質水平的重要性。
The high-energy rations were composed of maize and wheat, low energy status being achieved by using the more fibrous foods. There are a considerable number of variables involved but it is virtually impossible to control everything with equal specificity.
高能日糧由玉米、小麥組成，低能日糧則更多的使用了纖維原料。當然這樣的話，日糧就會有很多差異存在，但事實是我們不可能把所有的指標都做到同一量?！?/font>
Are the experiments described designed statistically? It is difficult to decide in advance upon the number of animals necessary when one is unaware of the variation which could be expected in relation to the selected dietary treatments, but results are subject to statistical analysis. The experiments are initially designed to answer problems in nutrition.
這個實驗是按照統(tǒng)計學要求設計的嗎？當一個人沒有意識到日糧原料的選擇會影響到日糧最終處理的不同時，他事前就很難確定必須的實驗動物數，但是我們的實驗結果是根據統(tǒng)計學去分析的。這個實驗最初的目的是要解決營養(yǎng)學方面的問題。
May I elaborate further the point made by Morgan in reply to Livingston. When we substitute on feed for another, say wheat for oats, are we likely to be overlooking the specific effects which individual ingredients may exert over and above differences in energy level? For example, it has been suggested that wheat exerts a specific effect on fattening in this sense.
我可以用Morgan的論述來回答Livingston。當我們用一種原料來代替另外一種時，比如用小麥來替代燕麥，我們可能會忽略某種原料的特殊作用，以致超過它們作為能量來源的影響嗎？例如，小麥對豬的育肥有特殊的作用。
I think it is unlikely that individual ingredients have such specific effects. Possibly in some investigations in the past the protein, mineral or vitamin supplements fed in conjunction with cereals have not provided a satisfactory balance. In practical recommendations we ensure that minimum requirements of the diet we are allowing excesses, but this we have to tolerate.
我認為單個原料的這樣特殊作用是不可能的。過去的研究谷物日糧中添加蛋白質、礦物質和維生素，可能日糧的營養(yǎng)還是不很平衡的。在生產中我們配制的日糧肯定超過了動物的最低營養(yǎng)需要量，但是我們不得不接受這個現實。
May I elaborate a little on behalf of Rerat and Salmonlegagneur. The levels of feeding quoted refer to the levels of feed intake during the final month of pregnancy, not the entire period. The object of the work was to investigate the effect of two planes of nutrition over this period on subsequent milk production. The sows weighed around 500ib.
請允許我代表Rerat 和Salmonlegagneur進行部分闡述。日糧的飼喂量是指妊娠最后一個月而言，而不是整個妊娠期。研究的目的是想觀察妊娠最后一個月中使用兩種不同營養(yǎng)水平日糧對后期泌乳量的影響。實驗母豬的體重500磅左右。
Perhaps Lodge would state his views with regard to the question of the desirability of allowing the sow to gain in body-weight during pregnancy, discounting in this sense the weight increase relating to the uterus and products of conception. An analogous situation occurs in the feeding of dairy cows and such an increase is necessary to provide an ‘essential driving force’ for subsequent lactation. Milk-yield potential is determined by the time parturition occurs; foodstuffs, as such, have no direct stimulatory effect on milk secretion. Nutrients are supplied during lactation simply to meet the nutritive demands of lactation.
或許Lodge應該陳述一下他的觀點，他希望在妊娠期間母豬的體重有所增加，這種增加并不包括子宮生長和本身妊娠胎兒的重量。在喂奶牛的時候也需要有體重的增長，以為后期的泌乳提供必須的動力。在分娩的時候泌乳的潛力就已經先天決定了；日糧與產奶并沒有直接的關系。泌乳期的營養(yǎng)僅僅是用來滿足泌乳的營養(yǎng)需要。
What level of feeding does Lodge recommend? Should feed input be constant throughout pregnancy or should the plane of nutrition be stepped up over the final month?
Lodge推薦的飼喂量是多少？在整個妊娠期是保持飼喂量不變還是在最后一個樣逐步增加飼喂量？
I understand that self-feeding of sows is not common practice. We are concerned with the avoidance of over fatness in sows and consequently, in practice we mix a pig-grower ration with ground alfalfa hay or wheat bran in the proportion 2:1. self-feeding with such a ration permits each individual sow to satisfy her appetite but overfatness is obviated.
我理解母豬的自由采食在實際生產中并不常見。我們很關注，避免母豬過肥，因此我們使用生長豬的日糧并添加粉碎的苜蓿干草或者小麥麩，添加比例為2：1，按照這樣的日糧自由采食，可以滿足母豬的食欲而不至于過肥。
The difficulty is related to the cost of such high fibre rations. The procedure described by Crampton could not be economic under our conditions.
問題是這樣高纖維日糧的成本。在我們目前的條件下Crampton描述的日糧成本過高。
May I comment with regard to methods of experimentation. We should be as much concerned with interaction of treatments as with the effects of the treatments per se; for example we have examined the effects of dietary protein level on the lean:fat ratio of pig carcasses in relation to climatic environment. The farmer is concerned with what happens to the animal under his unique circumstances.
請允許我描述一下實驗方法。我們應該對不同處理間的互作和處理本身同樣關注；例如，我們已經檢驗了日糧蛋白質水平對瘦肉：肥肉比例的影響，以及與環(huán)境小氣候的關系。每個農場主都關心在他自己的農場里，會有什么樣的結果出現。
With reference to Braude’s paper on ‘concepts of nutrition and the formulation of pig diets’, the majority of the paper was an attack on the heavy pig, but since the divergence of opinion between Braude and Messrs. The salient issue is the economic production of lean meat and the savings in the cost of lean through the inherent advantages of the heavy pig such as spread of weaner costs, better killing out percentage, lower labour costs and cheaper finishing rations more than counterbalance the additional cost of fat produced in the later stages.
關于Braude的關于“營養(yǎng)的概念及豬日糧配方”的文章，用大量篇幅對體重大的豬進行了攻擊，這是自Braude 和Messrs的觀點有爭議以來一直如此的。Messrs則認為在后期盡管脂肪的沉積增加了成本，但是瘦肉產量與豬通過整個生長階段分攤的如斷奶料成本、良好屠宰率、較低的勞動力成本和比較便宜的日糧的完美結合，反而是后期體重大的豬比較有優(yōu)勢。
In presenting his paper Braude made no reference to the compilation of rations for pigs. I interpreted my task as being one requiring some synthesis of the factors which have to be taken into account when attempting to evolve standards for nutrient requirements or a basis for ration compilation. Quite clearly advice given to any individual pig producer must be qualitied in relation to his unique circumstances and with reference to the performance levels that he can reasonably anticipate on the basis of his previous experiences. He has to gamble to some extent on the margins of safety he considers appropriate.
Such observations are very valuable in that they relate to a considerable number of pigs representing a random sample of animals drawn from the pig population as a whole. Would he give his views regarding the factors which govern the variations in response to treatments found in different centres?.
It is impossible to eliminate variations between centres participating in co-ordinated trials. We attempt to assess whether or not the distribution of variance is ‘normal’ but we cannot comprehensively evaluated the factors responsible, though this is the aim.
During the course of this conference the majority of the members have been privileged to listen to a series of expositions, arguments and philosophical reflections on innumerable aspects of the digestive physiology and nutrition of pigs and poultry. The active minority has spoken of its researches and investigations to the edification of all and as this conference draws to a close one may well reflect on what immediate and remote effects these deliberations are likely to have on the pattern of animal production in the various countries and areas represented here. Many of us are responsible for advising farmers or for translating into practical terms on the use and supply of rations for pigs and poultry. We must weigh up what we have learned and heard and consider to what extent present concepts of feeding and formulation of diets should be modified.
I should like to try and sum up a few of the more striking impressions that this conference has left upon me as an adviser. I speak also for my advisory colleagues in expressing our warmest thanks for the great privilege of attending.
First of all we would agree with professor Amoroso’s dictum that agricultural research should be as much concerned with securing new fundamental information for its own sake as with solving practical livestock nutritional problems. The papers of the first evening well illustrated this and subsequent speakers reminded us of the necessity of looking at the nutrition and physiology of pigs and poultry in relation to factors of environment, health, genetics and management. Unfortunately other speakers tended to lose this perspective in their ardent enthusiasm for the particular aspects of nutrition with which they were concerned; in striving to arrive at fundamental truths of nutrition as applicable to pigs and poultry on the farm they often completely ignored the possible modifications of their findings as brought about by farm circumstances.
Those of us responsible for the examination of farm feeding stuffs are only too aware of the wide diversity in composition of even the so-called standard foods such as cereals. It was surprising that some speakers concerned with calculation of the amino acid requirements of different species should be prepared to accept, at least tacitly the present very limited range of data on the amino acid make-up of different foods. Stress was laid and rightly so that there could be an over-all 100 percent variation in the nitrogen content of different samples of barley. Is it unlikely that there is just as great a variation in the individual amino acid make-up of the usual animal and vegetable protein foods? Are the diets we are prepared to recommend necessarily going to be more precise by an acceptance of the validity of the very few published figures of the amino acid contents of certain high protein food sources?
即使是那些被我們稱為標準原料的谷物，在組成上差異也很大，我們負責農場原料工作的同事應該注意。不同日糧
We must always consider the ultimate practicability of our findings. We learn that it may require the addition of 10 percent calcium carbonate as chalk or limestone flour to the diet of the laying hen to ensure that she remains in calcium equilibrium. How many advisers would dare to risk advocating such a dusty type of diet or how many compounders would be prepared to market such a food?
我們必須要一直考慮我們發(fā)現的實際應用性。我們知道為了保證母雞鈣平衡，日糧中就需要有10%的碳酸鈣或者石粉。有多少顧問敢冒險提倡使用這種高粉塵的日糧?有多少生產商準備賣這種飼料?
Despite the many considerable advances in our knowledge of the nutrition of farm animals, we still have to rely for practical implementation very largely on the limited range of feedings stuffs as they have known for a long time. Ultimately we do not feed our animals on so many calories and amino acids, units of vitamins, grams of minerals and so on; we give them their food in the shape of cereals, animal and vegetable protein foods, chalk, salt, ect. One wonders how far there is point in attempting to define too accurately specific requirements for pigs and poultry in the light of all the variable circumstances that surround these biological units. Even when these requirements become more accurately defined, their practical implementations will require somewhat arbitrary margins of safety to cover the ranges of variation inherent in biological systems.
盡管我們關于動物營養(yǎng)方面的知識有些是很先進的了，但是我們在很大程度上卻仍不得不依靠我們很熟悉的相對有限的原料來實現。最后我們喂給動物的不是熱量、氨基酸、單位維生素、幾克的礦物質等等，我們是以谷物、動物和植物蛋白以及石粉和鹽的形式來表達的。有人可能會問：在實際養(yǎng)殖中環(huán)境千差外別，我們真的可以特別準確來定義豬和家禽的營養(yǎng)需要嗎？ 即便是有比較準確的定義，在實際生產中卻仍要承擔天生變化多端的生物體系的風險。
I make theses various points not in a spirit of destructive criticism but to remind our fundamental colleagues that their findings, past, present and future, have still to be interpreted into practical realities. The adviser ultimately has the task of translating fundamental work into practice, whether he suggests to the farmer what needs to be given to his livestock or whether he is responsible for advising the food manufacturer what to do to put a nutritionally adequate diet on to the farm. Moreover he has to stand or fall by the success or otherwise of the advice he tenders. The research worker’s job is done when he has determined as accurately as possible the specific nutrient needs of farm livestock. The adviser and food manufacturer have to carry the work forward into the practical realities of the farm with all its diversities of environment, type f stock.
我并不是本著一個批評的態(tài)度來對這些不同的觀點進行抨擊，而是想提醒我們在座的同事，你們的發(fā)現，不論過去、現在還是未來，仍將會被應用到實踐。不管顧問是建議農場主應該給畜禽喂什么樣的日糧，還是負責建議食品生產商應該給農場養(yǎng)殖的動物提供什么樣的足營養(yǎng)日糧，他最終有把基礎工作轉化為可在生產實際中應用的任務。此外，他還必須承受他提出建議所帶來的成功或者失敗。當研究者能把畜禽具體的每種營養(yǎng)需要盡可能詳細的確定下來時，他的工作也就完成了。顧問和食品生產商必須朝不同環(huán)境不同畜禽的營養(yǎng)需要方面開展工作。
It would be most appropriate to express thanks on behalf of the food compounding trade, whose representatives comprise roughly one-third of the members of this conference for the invitation to be present. We have all been privileged to listen to a series of extremely well-presented papers on topics which are of great relevance to our own interests
我代表復合食物貿易組織（該組織的成員占本次會議被邀請代表的1/3），表達我的謝意。我們很榮幸的聽到了一系列特別精心準備的對我們利益息息相關的文章報告。作者: hyy1012 時間: 2008-3-17 08:24 標題: 致謝! 非常感謝7樓和8樓兩位老師的大力幫助,你們的精神讓我感動,而你們的淵博知識讓我神往,也激勵著我努力向前.再次深表謝意.