標(biāo)題: Estimating Water Usage on Michigan Swine Farms 美國(guó)密歇根豬場(chǎng)用水量計(jì)算 [打印本頁(yè)] 作者: w65148871 時(shí)間: 2013-6-4 11:21 標(biāo)題: Estimating Water Usage on Michigan Swine Farms 美國(guó)密歇根豬場(chǎng)用水量計(jì)算
Estimating Water Usage on Michigan Swine Farms
美國(guó)密歇根豬場(chǎng)用水量計(jì)算
JerryMay
Michigan State University Extension
EstimatingWater Used by Swine Farms in Michigan
密歇根豬場(chǎng)用水量估算
Swine farms use well water for wateringanimals, cleaning facilities, animal cooling and in some instances for movingmanure from the barn to the storage structure. Most pigs are raised in an all-in/all-out environments where one groupof pigs, at the same stage of production, is moved into a location and staysthere until that group is ready to move to the next location or on toslaughter. Between groups the facilityis thoroughly cleaned by pre-soaking and/or pressure washing. In the summer, during periods of extremeheat, pigs may be cooled by using drippers which emit small drops of waterperiodically on the animals back, or by misters giving off a small mist ofwater intermittently to cool the room. Some farms use well water to flush manure from the barn to the manurestorage structure, but this practice is not very widespread in Michigan and thereforethat water was not considered in these calculations.
Table 1 provides the estimateddaily water consumption by pigs of various sizes. The range in daily water consumption withineach stage of production is dependant on temperature and water conservationpractices on the farm. For this examplethe average of the range will be used to estimate daily water use.
Michigan’s averagedaily and annual water consumption for pigs at various stages of production isprovided in Table 2. The Hog & Piginventory information is from the 2002-2003Michigan Agriculture Statistics (NASS). Hog and pig inventories fluctuate from Quarter to Quarter, therefore the2002 April 1, June1, September1, and December 1 inventories were averaged toreport the 2002 numbers. The gallon perhead per day is the average of the figures provided in Table 1.
It was more difficult to estimate theindirect water use on swine farms. Thereis no reported information on which farms use which practice and the amount ofwater consumed by each practice. Table 3Indirect Water Use – Cleaning and Table 4 Indirect Water Use - Coolingwere developed using estimates from individuals working in the field. It was estimated that about two thirds of thepigs reared in Michigan reside on farms that regularly clean the farmsfacilities, the remainder of the pigs may reside in pasture or beddedsituations where cleaning facilities with water is impractical. Therefore thenumber of head or litters was multiplied by 67% in determining total water use.
In Michiganlarger swine farms may have up 2,500 sows at one location, or up to 4,000finishing animals at one location. Michigan has farms thatcontrol more animals but the 2,500 sows and 4,000 finishing animals thresholdrepresents the upper ranges of animals at one location being provided waterfrom one water system. Using the figuresin Tables 2, 3, and 4 one may estimate that a location with 2,500 sows will use4.84 million gallons of water annually (13,262 gallons per day), and a 4,000head finishing location would use 5.13 million gallons of water annually(14,055 gallons per day).
Because of the swine industry structure,where large farms contract with other farms for growing pigs, it is estimatedthat there are no swine farms in Michigan that individually consume more than100,000 gallons of water per day.
In Michigan,the estimated annual water used by swine farms is 899.39 million gallons. The water used for cooling is at low rates,on hot days when buildings are being well ventilated, therefore all of thecooling water should be considered as evaporative (consumptive). Very little of the water used for cleaningevaporates, therefore all of the cleaning water should be considered asnon-consumptive.
Market hogs are approximately 50% water(Tri-State Swine Nutrition Guide). The2000 PigChamp Benchmarking publication reports that in year 2000 Michigan’s sowherd had a 47% replacement rate (sows that are sold and replaced with youngergilts) (PigChamp). Michigan Agriculture Statistical Services (NASS) shows thatin 2002 Michiganmarketed 2.03 million head of hogs with a total weight of 522.9 millionpounds. Using the PigChamp culling rateand the 2002 sow inventory, one may calculate that in 2002 there were 50,000sows culled weighing approximately 17.60 million pounds and containing 1.1million gallons water. Subtracting thecull sow sales from the total 2002 hogs sales indicates that Michigan’s hogproducers sold 1.98 million market hogs weighing approximately 505.3 millionpounds 2002 (31.58 million gallons water). Table 5 provides the total consumptive/non-consumptive water use in Michigan.
