畜牧人

公豬保定反射開始的主要刺激來自與一個母豬相似的靜止模型（Chenoweth，1981）。因此，收集圈應是干凈和優(yōu)雅的，外部的細節(jié)迫使公豬集中注意力到仿造的母豬模型上，并提供視覺的必要刺激來成功完成保定。類似的，帶有強烈母豬氣味的收集圈給公豬必要的嗅覺刺激。

The primary stimulus for initiation of the mounting reflex in boars is an immobile object that resembles another pig (Chenoweth 1981). Therefore, a collection pen that is clean and free of extraneous items forces boars to focus their attention on the dummy sow and supplies the visual stimulus necessary for a successful mount. Similarly, a collection dummy with a strong swine odor supplies the necessary olfactory cues.

使公豬出現爬跨反射的主要刺激是模擬另一頭豬的固定物體（Chenoweth，1981）。因此，清潔且沒有其它物體的采精欄會使公豬的注意力集中在假母豬上并提供成功爬跨所需要的視覺刺激。同理，使采精用假母豬帶上強烈的豬氣味可以提供必要的嗅覺誘惑。

精子混合劑為精子的儲存，營養(yǎng)和新陳代謝能量。

Semen extenders provide nutritional and metabolic support for stored semen.

精液稀釋劑為精液儲存的營養(yǎng)和代謝提供支持。

育種的穩(wěn)固檢查（BSE）在自然繁殖的公豬中并不經常應用。

Breeding soundness examinations (BSE) are not typically conducted on boars that are used for natural service.

繁殖性能檢查（Breeding soundness examinations，BSE）在自然交配的公豬中并不經常應用。

精子延長過程

Semen Extension Procedures

精液稀釋過程

時間超聲圖示儀（RTU） 以前研究結果指明RTU可檢測出母豬或初產母豬早期妊娠和確定妊娠的陽性結果（Inaba 等，1983；Jackson，1986）。RTU的轉換器在緊靠動物脅腹部探查，與其他妊娠檢查所放的部位相似。探查指示動物的背部，超聲波在回到轉換器之前經過子宮。妊娠以探查區(qū)域，生殖道充滿液體的囊泡為依據（圖6.5）。

Real-Time Ultrasonography. Results of initial studies clearly indicated that real-time ultrasonography (RTU) possessed potential for early and accurate pregnancy diagnosis in sows and gilts (Inaba et al. 1983; Jackson 1986). The transducer of RTU probe is placed against the flank of the animal, and the positioning is similar to other pregnancy detection devices. The probe is directed toward the back of the animal, allowing the ultrasound waves to pass through the uterus before returning back to the transducer. Pregnancy is based on the detection of distinct, fluid-filled vesicles in the reproductive tract (Figure 6.5).

實時超聲成像（B超） 早期研究的結果清楚表明實時超聲成像（real-time ultrasonography，RTU）對經產母豬和初產母豬進行早期準確妊娠檢測的可能性（Inaba 等，1983；Jackson，1986）。將B超探頭的傳感器置于母豬的脅腹部，這個位置和其它妊娠檢測設備相同。探頭正對母豬的背部，使超聲波返回傳感器前通過子宮。根據生殖道中清晰并充滿液體的囊泡判斷是否懷孕（圖6.5）。

不適宜的繁殖過程

INADEQUATE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE

繁殖性能不佳

遺傳學介紹

Introduction of Genetics

種豬的引進

在已發(fā)表的文章中，有關試驗解釋的問題常見于《一般的動物》（Gerstman和Cappuci，1986；Tyler和Cullor，1989）和《食用動物》（Martin，1988；Monfort和Miller，1990），幾乎沒有特別針對豬病的文章。有關屠宰監(jiān)測數據的闡述見第69章。

Issues relevant to test interpretation in both a general (Tyler and Cullor 1989) and a food animal setting (Martin 1988) are described elsewhere, but there are few papers that focus specifically on swine disease. Interpretation of surveillance data for swine diseases is described in Chapter 69.

Issues relevant to test interpretation in both a general (Gerstman and Cappucci 1986; Tyler and Cullor 1989) and a food animal setting (Martin 1988; Monfort and Miller 1990) are described in published papers, but there are few papers that focus specifically on swine disease. Interpretation of slaughter monitoring data is described in Chapter 73.

針對一般動物（Tyler和Cullor，1989）和食用動物（Martin，1988）試驗結果解釋的情況在其它地方已經有描述，但很少有文章專門針對豬病。有關豬病監(jiān)測數據的解釋見第69章。

與細胞內彎曲桿菌（Lawsonia intracelluaris）有關的出血性腸綜合征

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome associated with Lawsonia intracellularis

與胞內勞森菌（Lawsonia intracellularis）有關的出血性腸綜合征

濕混凝土條板

Wet concrete slats

塑性混凝土漏縫地板

酶聯(lián)免役吸收劑的商品說明可用于農場的應用，此法可減少放射免役測定法實驗設備的需要（Glossop等，1989）。收集血液對此法很重要，然而，酶聯(lián)免役吸收劑的說明（Sanders等，1994）和放射免役測定法可發(fā)展為檢測糞便的黃體酮水平。盡管潛在的糞便的應用，但它的效果還沒有被商業(yè)農場認可。

Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are available for on farm applications, which reduce the need of laboratory-based radioimmunoassays (Glossop et al. 1989). The necessity of collecting blood is a significant limitation of this method; however, enzyme immunoreactive assays (Sanders et al. 1994) and radioimmunoassays were developed for assessing fecal progesterone concentrations. Despite potential applications for these fecal tests, their utility has yet to be determined on commercial farms.

酶聯(lián)免疫吸附分析法在豬場已經有商業(yè)化的應用，這可以減少基于實驗室的放射免疫分析法的應用（Glossop等，1989）。這一方法最大的限制是必須進行采血，但是用于評估糞便中孕酮濃度的酶免疫反應分析法（Sanders等，1994）和放射免疫分析法已經建立。盡管有用于這種糞便檢測的潛在應用，這些應用仍然沒有用于商品豬場。

A survey of Pig Health Scheme Herds showed that 44% of farms with slatted floors had pigs with injuries, whereas only 28% of farms with solid floors had pigs with injuries caused by flooring (MAFF 1981).

一項豬群健康計劃的調查表明44%使用漏縫地面的豬場發(fā)生（肢蹄）損傷，而只有28%使用實心地面的豬場因地面出現損傷（MAFF，1981）。

如果育種圈舍太小，有直轉角或地面光滑均可增加母豬和公豬發(fā)生損傷和跛行的可能性（Barnett等，2001）。大八角形圈舍內的干燥、不打滑的地板只適用于育種（Hemsworth等，1989）。

Breeding pens that are too small, have right-angled corners or slippery floors increase the chance for injuries and lameness in boars and sows (Barnett et al. 2001). Dry, nonslip floors in large octagonally shaped pens used only for breeding are preferable (Hemsworth et al. 1989).

太小、矩形或地面太滑的配種欄會增加公豬和母豬損傷和跛行的可能性（Barnett等，2001）。干燥、不光滑地面且面積較大的八邊形專用配種欄是理想的（Hemsworth等，1989）。

研究發(fā)現，在疫苗免疫后約克夏（Yorkshire）和長白豬（Chester White）的抗體滴定度要優(yōu)于杜洛克（Duroc）和蘭德瑞斯（Landrace），

Yorkshire and Chester White pigs were found with higher postvaccinated antibody titers than Duroc and Landrace pigs.

研究發(fā)現，大白豬和切斯特白豬免疫后的抗體滴度比杜洛克豬和長白豬更高。

繁殖技術

Breeding Technician

配種人員

用回顧調查的資料作為原因和效果關系的憑據是不合適的；然而，一個研究是從一個人工受精繁殖工作者的一個單獨繁殖豬的手術中得到的（Flowers，1996a，b）。在該研究中，在同一個生產環(huán)境內技術工作者對豬同時投藥交配。因此，觀察由于繁殖技術人員的影響和沒有任何其他因素影響的不同點。這個研究中指出兩個重要內容：繁殖工作者對產子率和仔豬的大小有很大的影響，繁殖工作者的工作不能維持很長時間。由最好的和最差的飼養(yǎng)人員分別飼養(yǎng)220頭母豬13周，發(fā)現最好的飼養(yǎng)員飼養(yǎng)的豬群的成活仔豬總數比最差的飼養(yǎng)員飼養(yǎng)的要多1 036頭。

It is not appropriate to use these data from a retrospective study as evidence for a cause and effect relationship; however, a prospective study characterized AI breeding technicians within a single commercial swine operation (Flowers 1996a, b). In that study, matings administered by technicians occurred simultaneously within the same production environment. Thus observed differences were due to the influence of the breeding technician and not other confounding factors. Data from this study demonstrated two important concepts: breeding technicians had a large influence on farrowing rates and litter size, and performance of breeding technicians did not remain constant over time. There was a 1036-pig difference in total pigs produced between the best and worst technicians based on 220 sows bred over 13 weeks.

使用回顧性研究的數據作為因果關系的證據是不合適的。但是，一個前瞻性研究對一個商品豬場內的人工授精配種人員進行了描述（Flowers，1996a，b）。在這個研究中，配種員們的輸精配種在相同的生產環(huán)境下同時進行。因此，可以觀察到配種人員影響導致的差異并排除其它原因。這一研究的數據證明了兩個重要的概念：配種人員對分娩率和窩產仔數的影響很大，而配種人員的表現在不同時間并不相同。在超過13周時間內對220頭母豬配種，最好的技術員和最差的技術員帶來的總產仔數差異會達到1036頭。

陰道排出物

VULVAR DISCHARGE

陰道分泌物

多數有排出物的母豬在出現排出物之后很快又重新回到發(fā)情期。這時對其進行育種通常會失敗。如果經濟和動物的育種循環(huán)許可的話可以讓其循環(huán)進入發(fā)情周期。有關分析報道當母豬第二次進入發(fā)情期沒有排出物時進行配種，它們的胚胎率與重復育種的相似。這另一個選擇是選出每一只有分泌物排出的母畜。應當判斷一下分娩，交配和人工授精的衛(wèi)生和管理程序。

Most discharging sows return to estrus shortly after the initial appearance of the discharge. Attempts to breed these animals at this time are usually futile. One approach is to allow the animals to recycle one more time, if economics and animal flow permit it. Clinical reports have revealed that when sows failed to discharge a second time and were then mated, their conception rates were similar to those of repeat breeders. The other option is to cull any animal with a discharge. Hygiene and management procedures around farrowing, mating, and artificial insemination should be evaluated.

多數有分泌物的母豬會在出現分泌物會不久返情。這時對這些母豬配種通常沒有效果。一個辦法是讓這些母豬返情幾次，前提是經濟上和豬的周轉允許這種做法。臨床報告表明，如果母豬第二次沒有分泌物并進行配種，它們的懷孕率和重復配種的母豬相同。另一個方法是將全部有分泌物的母豬淘汰，并對分娩、配種及人工授精前后的衛(wèi)生和管理程序進行評估。

局限性傳染病

Localized Infections

局部感染

顯微鏡觀察時，精子樣本溫度必須在1~2°C，可避免精子細胞的震動和降低精子動力。顯微鏡的滑面可儲存在細胞培養(yǎng)器中，或在精子降溫前可放在加溫器中。如果動力值很低，準備第二個滑面，確?；?、吸管和滑蓋的溫度是35°C。

Microscope slides must be within 1–2°C of the semen sample temperature to avoid shocking the sperm cells and reducing motility. The microscope slides can be stored in a portable incubator, or they can be placed on a warming device before dropping the semen onto them. If motility is poor, prepare a second slide, making sure that the slide, the pipette, and the coverslip are at 35°C.

顯微鏡的玻片溫度必須在精液樣本溫度的1~2°C范圍內，避免精子細胞震動和活力下降。顯微鏡玻片可以儲存在便攜式恒溫箱內，或者在滴上精液前放在加熱器上。如果活力很差，準備第2個玻片并確保玻片、移液管以及蓋玻片的溫度為35°C。

手套采精技術用于收集自然養(yǎng)殖公豬的精液最為實用。代替使用母豬模型，公豬引領到正發(fā)情并允許爬跨的母豬旁，在接觸外陰前握住陰莖，此刻，精液收集過程類似于有規(guī)律的收集AI型公豬精液時使用的方法。

The gloved-hand technique is the most practical method to collect semen from natural-service boars. Instead of using a dummy sow, the boar is exposed to a sow in standing estrus and allowed to mount. The penis is grasped before vulva penetration. At this point, the procedures for semen collection are similar to those used for routine collection from AI boars.

手套采精技術是從自然交配公豬采集精液的最實用方法。代替使用假母豬的方法，公豬接觸靜立發(fā)情并允許爬跨的母豬。在陰莖進入陰道時用手握住。這時采精的過程與定期采集人工授精用公豬精液的方法相似。

表現和參數的相互關系

Interrelationships Between Performance Parameters

性能參數之間的關系

PSS基因突變型最早發(fā)現于比利時的皮特林（Pietrain）豬種，當時正在選育肌肉極端豐滿的“雙肌型”豬（double-muscling）或culard。

The PSS mutation was first captured in Pietrain swine in Belgium by selection and development for extreme muscularity, formerly referred to as “double-muscling” or culard.

PSS基因突變型首次發(fā)現于比利時的皮特蘭豬，當時正在選育肌肉極其發(fā)達的種豬，這種豬原來稱為“雙肌型”（double-muscling）或culard。