亞急性瘤胃酸中毒的預(yù)防（英文）

矮子

Prevention of Sub-Acute Rumen Acidosis (SARA) in DairyCows 


R. D. Shaver, Ph.D.
Department of Dairy Science
University of Wisconsin– Madison 


It has been suggested that sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA)is the most important nutritional disease of dairy cattle (Oetzel, 1997).Laminitis is most commonly caused by SARA or an interaction between SARA andexcess standing time on concrete (Nordlund, 1995). Diagnosis of SARA problemherds is often difficult, partially because depressed bulk tank milk fat percentageis not a consistent observation for these herds (Oetzel, 1997).


Useful parameters to evaluate in the diagnosis SARA problem herds include:

• Diet neutral detergent fiber (NDF), effective NDF, and nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC)     
• Forage, grain, and total mixed ration (TMR) physical form
• Feed bunk management 
• Chewing activity 
• Body condition 
• Incidence of laminitis 
• Incidence of transition cow metabolic and other digestive disorders 
• Herd or group dry matter intake (DMI) and incidence of off-feed problems
• Bulk tank milk fat test and incidence of milk fat/protein test inversions 
• Rumen pH via rumenocentesis (Nordlund, 1995; Oetzel, 1997).

Because diagnosis of SARA problem herds before economic loss has occurred is difficult, prevention of SARA is the best approach.Recommended feeding guidelines and practices for prevention of SARA are as follows: 

• Meet or exceed dietary fiber minimums of 18-21% acid detergent fiber (DM basis) and 27-30% NDF (DM basis) 
• Meet or exceed dietary NDF from forage minimums of 18-21% (DM basis) for haycrop silage based diets and 21-23% (DM basis) for corn silage based diets 
• Do not exceed 35-40% NFC (DM basis) 
• Provide TMR with 8-10% of as-fed particles on the top screen of Penn State/Nasco shaker box 
• Evaluate and regulate rate of ruminal starch fermentability by manipulating grain moisture content and fineness of grind 
• Monitor and prevent over-mixing or over-processing of the TMR 
• Monitor and minimize separation during feed mixing and delivery 
• Monitor and minimize sorting in the feed bunk 
• Periodically calibrate TMR scales 
• Monitor and control daily variation in amounts of individual feed ingredients added to the TMR 
• Routinely check moisture content of wet feeds and adjust rations accordingly to ensure correct DM ratio of forage to concentrate 
• Limit corn silage as a percent of forage DM to 75% or less for lactating cow diets and 50% or less for dry cow diets 
• Feed close-up dry cows 35-40% NFC diets (DM basis) to adapt the rumen microbial population and develop the rumen papillae prior introducing the high-group diet 
• Do not feed less than 50% forage (DM basis) in the close-up dry cow diet; this diet may benefit from addition of baled hay 
• Feed a post-fresh transition diet that contains more total NDF and NDF from forage than the high-group diet; this diet may benefit from addition of baled hay 
• Feed buffers
• In component feeding situations, increase grain feeding to peak amounts gradually over the first six weeks of lactation and feed grain 3 to 4 times daily 
• In component feeding or partial TMR situations, monitor and control selective consumption of grain vs. forage or corn silage vs. haycrop silage 
• Minimize effects of heat stress on selective consumption of grain vs. forage. 

 

References
Nordlund, K. 1995. Questions and answers regarding rumenocentesis and the diagnosis of herd-based subacute rumen acidosis. Proc. 4-State Applied Nutrition and Management Conference. 
La Crosse, WI Oetzel, G. 1997. Using rumenocentesis to diagnose subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds. Proc. 4-State Applied Nutrition and Management Conference. La Crosse, WI 

benniusiliao

不懂，能翻譯成中文嗎？

矮子

這是一篇很容易讀懂的資料，希望志愿者自己翻譯，這樣可以加深理解。



預(yù)防亞急性瘤胃酸中毒（ SARA ）的推薦飼養(yǎng)指南和操作：

滿足或超過(guò)日糧纖維最低值--ADF 為18-21% (DM 基礎(chǔ))和 NDF 27-30% (DM 基礎(chǔ))  ；

滿足或超過(guò)日糧中飼草NDF最低值--草青貯日糧為18-21% (DM 基礎(chǔ)) 和玉米青貯日糧為 21-23% (DM 基礎(chǔ))；
 
NFC不超過(guò) 35-40%  (DM 基礎(chǔ))  ；

提供TMR賓州篩的頭層篩日糧顆粒為8-10%；
 
利用改變籽實(shí)水分和粉碎細(xì)度來(lái)評(píng)估和調(diào)節(jié)瘤胃淀粉發(fā)酵速率；
 
檢測(cè)和預(yù)防過(guò)度混合和加工的TMR；
 
檢測(cè)和減少飼料混合和投放時(shí)的分離；
 
檢測(cè)和減少因飼料容重引起的分離；
 
定期校正TMR稱量；
 
檢測(cè)和控制個(gè)別飼料加入TMR后的日常數(shù)量變異；
 
常規(guī)檢查濕料的水分含量和根據(jù)飼草和精料的適宜DM比率調(diào)節(jié)日糧；

以飼草DM的%限制玉米青貯用量：產(chǎn)奶牛日糧不超過(guò)75%，干奶牛日糧不超過(guò)50%；
 
飼喂臨產(chǎn)奶牛35-40% NFC的日糧 (DM基礎(chǔ))在引入高產(chǎn)群日糧前適應(yīng)瘤胃微生物群和發(fā)育瘤胃乳頭；
 
臨產(chǎn)牛日糧飼草應(yīng)高于50% (DM 基礎(chǔ)) ，這種日糧有益于添加干草；
 
飼喂含總NDF和來(lái)自飼草的NDF高于高產(chǎn)群日糧的產(chǎn)后圍產(chǎn)期日糧， 這種日糧有益于添加干草；

飼料緩沖劑；
 
成分飼養(yǎng)條件下，在泌乳期頭六周逐漸增加精料喂量至高峰和日喂精料3-4次；
 
成分飼養(yǎng)或部分TMR條件下，檢測(cè)和控制精料和飼草或玉米青貯和草青貯的選擇性采食；
 
降低熱應(yīng)激對(duì)精料和飼草選擇性采食的影響。 

monica

•Provide TMR with 8-10% of as-fed particles on the top screen of Penn State/Nasco shaker box  提供TMR賓州篩的頭層篩日糧顆粒為8-10%；
這個(gè)不太理解：是否說(shuō)TMR顆粒日糧，篩上物應(yīng)為8-10%

•In component feeding situations, increase grain feeding to peak amounts gradually over the first six weeks of lactation and feed grain 3 to 4 times daily  成分飼養(yǎng)條件下，在泌乳期頭六周逐漸增加精料喂量至高峰和日喂精料3-4次；

什么是成分飼養(yǎng)？不太容易理解。

矮子老師，呵呵，需要您的額外輔導(dǎo)?。?/td>

矮子

總算有人看英文帖子。



實(shí)際上就是頭層篩上的日糧顆粒。


相當(dāng)于不是TMR飼喂的傳統(tǒng)飼養(yǎng)法。按英文原意翻，只能是成分飼養(yǎng)。

矮子

成分飼養(yǎng)可以理解成根據(jù)奶牛產(chǎn)奶量調(diào)節(jié)精粗料喂量的飼養(yǎng)方式。