Getting Weaned Pigs to Eat

monica · 發(fā)表于 2007-7-7 22:26:31

Getting Weaned Pigs to Eat
Ioannis Mavromichalis, Ph.D, Swine Nutritionist, SCA Nutrition

Under most commercial situations, weaned pigs experience some degree of appetite depression. This temporary eating slump increases production cost and hampers pig performance through finishing. Here are 10 keys to remember when starting newly weaned pigs.
在大多數(shù)養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境下，斷奶仔豬會(huì)有一定程度的食欲降低。這種短期的采食減少會(huì)增加養(yǎng)殖成本，影響整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)肥育期的生產(chǎn)性能。這里有10個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)需要在早期斷奶時(shí)牢記的。

Before weaning, a sow nurses her litter at frequent intervals. After weaning, the piglets are faced with the decision of when and how much to feed themselves. Naturally, sow milk provided liquid and nutrients, but after weaning, the pig needs to distinguish between thirst and hunger and also to realize that these needs must be satisfied via separate media.
在斷奶前，母豬會(huì)在一定時(shí)間間隔哺育她的兒女。斷奶后，小豬面對(duì)的則是一個(gè)何時(shí)采食和采食多少的選擇。自然的，母豬提供了液體奶，并且營(yíng)養(yǎng)高，但是斷奶后，小豬則需要自己區(qū)分饑餓和口渴，同時(shí)要它們自己通過(guò)不同的器具滿足饑渴需求。

Pigs that barely maintain their weaning weight during the first week may take an extra 10 to 20 days to reach market weight, compared to pigs that grow at their preweaning gain rates during the same period, according to research conducted at Kansas
State
University.
根據(jù)Kansas州大學(xué)的研究，與斷奶后一周保持與斷奶前同樣生長(zhǎng)速度的仔豬相比，那些生長(zhǎng)速度降低的仔豬需要多飼養(yǎng)10到20天才能達(dá)到出欄重。

Early weaned pigs require about 300 g./day of dry feed during the first week postweaning to maintain their pre-weaning growth rate. Actual feed intakes, however, rarely exceed 200 g./day.
要想保持?jǐn)嗄糖暗纳L(zhǎng)速度，早期斷奶的仔豬在斷奶后第一周大約需要每天采食飼料300 克。

Here are 10 keys to get weaned pigs to start eating quickly and increase feed intake:
以下是有關(guān)于使斷奶仔豬盡早采食和提高采食量的10個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：

1. Management. Increased biosecurity, an aggressive farm-specific disease prevention program, improved pig/human flow, and continuous staff training are essential parts of a professional nursery site.
1 管理
提高生物安全，一個(gè)有效的針對(duì)本常的預(yù)防疾病的程序，控制豬/人流動(dòng)，持續(xù)的員工培訓(xùn)也是專業(yè)保育舍的一個(gè)必要部分。

2. Diet digestibility. Feed intake generally increases with improving digestibility of the diet. This is why most nursery diets are fortified with cooked cereals, milk proteins, fish meal, and simple sugars. Although such diets are more expensive than simple diets (based on corn and soybean meal), the benefits are improved performance and health.

2 日糧的消化率
飼料采食量通常會(huì)隨著日糧的消化率提高而提高。這也是為什么很多保育料都要強(qiáng)化熟谷物，乳蛋白，魚粉和單糖的原因。雖然這樣的日糧比簡(jiǎn)單日糧（玉米豆粕型日糧）要昂貴，但好處是提高了生產(chǎn)性能和健康。

3. Specialty ingredients. Antimicrobial agents at growth promoting levels, zinc oxide and copper sulfate at pharmacological doses (2,000-3,000 ppm for zinc and 200-250 ppm for copper), certain organic acids, and animal plasma improve post-weaning feed intake and growth.
Generally, these ingredients are more efficacious when health, facilities, and management are sub-optimal.
3 特殊原料
促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)水平的抗生素，藥理學(xué)水平的氧化鋅和硫酸銅 (2,000-3,000 ppm 鋅和200-250 ppm 銅)，特定的有機(jī)酸和動(dòng)物血漿都可以提高斷奶后的采食量和改善生長(zhǎng)。

4. Balanced budget. Even though high-quality starter diets promote growth performance, their advantages can be easily lost if they are fed for too long or at the wrong amount for each weight class of weaner pigs.
Here a quick reference for pig weights and amount of starter feed budgeted to each weight class:
Under 10 lb. - 4 lb.
10 to 12 lb. - 3 lb.
12 to 14 lb. - 2 lb.
More than 14 lb. ?1 lb.
Since producers are more likely to sort pigs by eye, they should have an estimate on their average weaning weight.
A small portion, about half a pound, of starter feed can be spread on mats to enhance appetite, and the rest in feeders. Ideally, all phase 1 feed could be fed on mats, but this could lead to waste as high as feed intake, I have found in my research on mat feeding.
A common mistake is to disregard the fact that heavy pigs are accustomed to consume large quantities of milk and thus, they tend to take longer than lightweight pigs to adapt to dry diets. Therefore, budget a small allotment of the first diet even for the heaviest pigs.
4 平衡的預(yù)算
雖然好質(zhì)量的仔豬料可以提高生產(chǎn)性能，但是如果飼喂時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)或者對(duì)不同斷奶體重的仔豬不給予正確的飼料量，那這點(diǎn)優(yōu)勢(shì)很容易就沒(méi)有。下面是一個(gè)關(guān)于斷奶仔豬體重和保育料飼喂量的參考值：
Under 10 lb. - 4 lb.
10 to 12 lb. - 3 lb.
12 to 14 lb. - 2 lb.
More than 14 lb. ?1 lb.
由于生產(chǎn)者更愿意用眼睛挑選，他們應(yīng)該對(duì)平均斷奶重有一個(gè)估測(cè)值。很小一部分，也就是半磅的保育料，可以放在墊子上以提高誘食，其余的放在料槽里。理想條件下，所有的教槽料都應(yīng)該放在墊子上，但是這會(huì)導(dǎo)致浪費(fèi)的飼料會(huì)和采食的一樣多，這是我在我的試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的。通常的錯(cuò)誤，是忽略這樣的事實(shí)：體重大的豬會(huì)采食更多的奶水，與體重輕的豬相比，它們會(huì)用更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來(lái)適應(yīng)干料。因此，對(duì)于最重的豬，也要控制教槽料的數(shù)量。

5. Appetizers. These are commercial products that entice piglets to explore and ingest solid feed based on aroma and texture. At SCA Nutrition we have an appetizer (Primistart) that enhances the development of early feed intake, especially in lightweight pigs. It is a sticky meal diet that is composed of milk and fish proteins, oats, citric acid, and it is fortified with designer flavors and digestive enhancers. Other appetizers are available to encourage feed consumption.
5 開胃料
這是指可以從氣味和質(zhì)地方面促進(jìn)仔豬探索和攝取固體飼料的商品。在SCA營(yíng)養(yǎng)方面，我們有一種開胃料(Primistart)，可以提高早期飼料采食量，特別是對(duì)于體重輕的豬。這是一種粘稠的粉料，包含有乳蛋白和魚粉，燕麥，檸檬酸，并且強(qiáng)化了香味劑和助消化類物質(zhì)。也有其他的提高采食量的開胃料。

6. Mat-feeding. This is probably the most cost-effective way to increase feed intake, according to my research at the University of Illinois.
Spread a small quantity of feed on floor-mats or on solid floors to encourage pigs to rut and ingest solid feed as early as the first day post-weaning.
On mats without a rim, pigs like to roll and push pellets instead of picking them up. Placing the mat near the feeder seems to encourage pigs to consume more feed from the feeder. Pigs require two to three days of floor feeding before they become accustomed eating from feeders.
Frequent feeding stimulates pigs to eat more and prevents wastage of uneaten portions. However, based on our own research, feeding more than three times daily is not advised because pigs become too fond of mat-feeding.
6 墊子飼喂
根據(jù)我在Illinois大學(xué)的研究，可能這是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的提高采食量的方式了。把一點(diǎn)飼料撒在地板上的墊子上，或者硬地板上，鼓勵(lì)仔豬在斷奶后第一天僅早去拱并采食飼料。如果墊子上面沒(méi)有邊框，仔豬會(huì)喜歡去拱翻墊子并把飼料堆到一邊而不是去吃。把墊子放在料槽旁邊，似乎可以鼓勵(lì)仔豬從飼槽中采食更多的飼料。在仔豬適應(yīng)料槽前，至少需要2到3天時(shí)間在地板上飼喂。少量多次飼喂，可以促進(jìn)仔豬多采食，防止未采食部分的浪費(fèi)。但是，根據(jù)我們的研究，一天飼喂3次以上并不可取，因?yàn)檫@樣仔豬會(huì)更喜歡在墊子上飼喂。

7. Milk replacers. Nursery pigs will readily consume a warm liquid milk replacer of the proper composition.
However, pigs reared solely on a liquid diet may fail to relate to dry feed unless the milk replacer is combined with a high quality starter diet or milk pellets. Good sanitation and frequent feeding are essential to prevent spoilage and attract pigs to eat.
7 代乳料
保育豬很愿意采食熱的合適組成液體代乳料。然而，單純用液體代乳料飼喂的保育豬會(huì)很難適應(yīng)干料?？墒?，如果液體代乳料和高質(zhì)量的仔豬料或奶制品可以混合，適應(yīng)干料還是相對(duì)容易。良好的衛(wèi)生條件和少量多次的飼喂制度對(duì)提高誘食性和減少厭食很必要。

8. Liquid diets. Offering a soup of water or a liquid dairy product and dry feed can dramatically increase (up to 300%) the intake of dry matter during the first week postweaning. Although a ratio close to 3:1 water to dry feed is usually recommended for most automatic pipeline feeding systems, nursery pigs can utilize efficiently even more dilute mixtures (up to 5:1), according to research at the University of Plymouth, UK.
8 液體飼料

在斷奶后第一周，使用水或者液體奶產(chǎn)品+飼料進(jìn)行飼喂，可以極大的(300%)提高仔豬的干物質(zhì)采食量。雖然大多數(shù)管道自動(dòng)飼喂系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常推薦水料比為3：1，但根據(jù)英國(guó)Plymouth大學(xué)的研究，保育豬實(shí)際可以更有效的利用更稀的飼料（水料比接近5：1）。

9. Gruel feeding. In farms where pigs are fed dry diets on a regular basis, a warm gruel (50:50) of feed and water (or a liquid milk co-product) can be offered to weaned pigs in special bowl-type feeders during the first 2 to 3 days postweaning.
Unless the gruel is gradually thickened (70:30), some piglets may fail to adapt to dry feed.
9 粥狀飼喂
在慣用干料飼喂的農(nóng)場(chǎng)，可以用熱粥狀飼料（料：水或者液體的奶類副產(chǎn)物=50：50），在斷奶后2到3天放進(jìn)碗狀料槽進(jìn)行飼喂。除非是粥狀飼料逐漸變變濃（料：水或者液體的奶類副產(chǎn)物=70：50），否則一些仔豬會(huì)很難適應(yīng)干料。
10. Water nutrition. A new area of nutrition is water application of nutrients and feed additives. Citric acid offered via drinking water greatly reduces scouring and enhances feed intake and growth rates. A blend of soluble plasma and lactose is also available for water application. These practices tend to reduce variability in growth rates, especially among the most underprivileged piglets.

10 水營(yíng)養(yǎng)
營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)的一個(gè)新領(lǐng)域就是營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)及飼料添加劑中水的應(yīng)用。在水中添加檸檬酸可以極大的減少下痢，提高采食量和生長(zhǎng)速度。血漿和乳糖的混合物同樣可以用在水中，起到提高整齊度，尤其是提高弱小仔豬的生長(zhǎng)速度的作用。