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6. Quantity of starter and link to feed/feed budget There is no disputing the necessity to feed nutrient-dense, milk product-rich diets in the postweaning period to ensure fast and efficient lifetime pig growth (Lawlor et al., 2002a; 2003b; 2005a). However, these diets are expensive and their overuse must be avoided. Feeding small quantities of these diets post-weaning may not maximize post-weaning performance but may be sufficient to optimize lifetime performance. Kavanagh (1995) found that pigs given 1 kg starter diet and 4 kg link diet were 2 kg lighter at 28 days post-weaning than pigs given 3 kg of starter and 8 kg link diet. However, by day 40 post-weaning this 2-kg weight advantage had been reduced to a 1-kg weight advantage and as pigs were not followed through to slaughter weight it is not known if full compensatory growth would have occurred by this time. Likewise, Lawlor et al. (2002a) compared two post-weaning dietary regimes: 1. 10kg starter followed by link to 27 days post-weaning and 2. 3kg starter followed by 10kg link followed by weaner diet to 27 days. In this experiment pig weight at day 27 was increased by 1.2kg and feed conversion efficiency was improved between weaning and day 27 post-weaning when the higher levels of starter and link were fed. However, the weight advantage was lost by day 50 post-weaning and pigs from both treatments reached target slaughter weight at the same age and had similar FCE from weaning to slaughter. This work also found that the benefit from feeding starter diet elapsed after day 10 post-weaning (Lawlor et al., 2002a).. 6.教槽料質量和飼養(yǎng)方案的前后鏈接 毫無爭議的是飼料必須營養(yǎng)豐富,在斷奶后的日糧含有豐富的奶制品，以確保仔豬生命期的快速、高效、增長(勞勒,2002;2003;2005)。然而,這些日糧是昂貴的,必須避免過度使用這種飼料。斷奶后飼喂少量這樣營養(yǎng)豐富的飼料，可能不會最大化斷奶后的性能,但可能足以優(yōu)化生命期的生長性能?？ㄍ呒{(1995)發(fā)現(xiàn),給豬1千克開食料和4千克過渡日糧，與給3千克教槽料和8千克過渡料的仔豬相比，在斷奶后28天時仔豬輕2kg。然而,到斷奶后40 天時，這2千克體重優(yōu)勢已經減少到1千克體重優(yōu)勢，因為沒有跟蹤觀測到上市屠宰體重，所以我們也不知道在這個時間里是否有完全補償性增長。同樣，勞勒(2002)比較了兩個斷奶后日糧制度: 1）10kg教槽料隨后在斷奶后的27天使用過渡飼料，2）3千克教槽料隨后在斷奶后的27天使用10千克過渡飼料。在這個實驗中，自斷奶到斷奶后27天，給予高水平教槽料和過渡飼料的仔豬組，體重增加1.2千克，飼料轉化效率也有提高。然而,在斷奶后50天，體重優(yōu)勢丟失，兩個處理的仔豬在相同日齡達到屠宰體重的目標，并且自斷奶至上市屠宰期間的FCE相似。這項研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),飼喂開食料的好處主要體現(xiàn)在斷奶后10天之內（勞勒等，2002）。 In a more recent study Leliveld et al. (2013) fed four different allocation levels of starter and link diet (Table 11), and found that the allocation levels of starter and link diets immediately post-weaning had little influence on post-weaning growth performance. Moreover, Leliveld et al. (2013) found that weaning age (3, 4 or 5 weeks) did not affect the response to the level of starter and link diets fed. If growth performance was looked at alone this would suggest that there was no benefit from feeding more than 1kg starter and 3kg link diet. However, this should be treated with caution as mortality was higher in this study when low levels of starter and link were fed. 在最近的研究中，Leliveld 等 （2013年）喂養(yǎng)教槽料和過渡料（表11）四種不同的分配水平，并發(fā)現(xiàn)教槽料和過渡料的配置水平對于斷奶后生長性能影響很小。Leliveld等（2013年）發(fā)現(xiàn)，斷奶年齡（3，4或5周）并不影響教槽料和過渡料不同水平的飼喂效果。如果只追求生長性能，這個研究結果就表明，超過1KG教槽料和3千克過渡飼料就沒有啥好處。然而，在這項研究中，喂以低水平教槽料和過渡料造成的死亡率更高，這是應該認真對待的。 Bearing the above in mind it might be possible to feed allocations of starter and link as low as 1 and 3kg respectively to heavy weaned pigs in a high health situation. However, lighter weaned pigs, which are more likely in large litters, will likely benefit from a higher allocation of starter and link. In addition, if there are health problems on a unit then pigs will also likely benefit from a higher allocation of starter and link. 結合上面討論，對于健康狀況好、體重大的斷奶仔豬，飼喂教槽料和過渡料也許可以分別低至1和3千克。然而,斷奶體重小的豬,在大窩時更有可能是斷奶體重小,給予更多的教槽料和過渡料可能更好。此外,如果一個單元上有健康問題，那么給予更多教槽料和過渡料也可能使得仔豬受益。 Table 11. Effect of allocation of starter and link diets on growth performance (Leliveld et al., 2013) 表11教槽料和過渡料的分配對生長性能的影響（Leliveld等，2013） S.e.=標準誤差 注：同列肩標未標注或有相同字母者為差異不顯著（P＞0.05） ，有不同小寫字母者差異顯著（P＜0.05），不同大寫字母表示差異極顯著（P<0.01），下表同。 7. Liquid feeding Liquid feeding reportedly stimulates post-weaning feed intake and growth rate in pigs. A series of four experiments to examine the effect of liquid feeding of weaned pigs on postweaning growth performance and residual effects up to slaughter were conducted at Moorepark (Lawlor et al. 2002b). Table 12 summarises the results from one of these experiments. Surprisingly, feeding liquid feed to weaned pigs did not increase pig growth rate and in fact, in other experiments decreased it. It was also quite wasteful, leading to unacceptable feed efficiency. With fermented liquid feed, uncontrolled fermentation of the feed is highly unpredictable and the growth of undesirable bacteria, yeasts and moulds can cause problems. A starter culture was deliberately added to produce fermented liquid feed in this study; however, DM gain/feed was still decreased. It is concluded that there is no benefit from liquid feeding weaned pigs whether in fresh, acidified or fermented form. 7.液體飼喂 據說液體飼喂可以刺激豬的斷奶后采食量和增長率。一組四個實驗，研究飼喂液體飼料對斷奶后生長性能的影響，和直到出欄的殘余影響（勞勒等。2002年b）。表12總結了這些實驗之一的結果。令人驚奇的是，飼喂液體料的仔豬，并沒有提高斷奶仔豬的生長速度，并且事實上，在其他實驗中生長速度下降。這也很浪費飼料，導致不可接受的飼料效率。就發(fā)酵液體飼料而言，不受控制的飼料發(fā)酵是高度不可預測的，不需要的細菌、酵母和霉菌的生長可能會引起問題。在這項研究中，發(fā)酵劑培養(yǎng)物被人為的加入到生產發(fā)酵教槽料;然而，DM增益/飼料之比仍有所下降。得出的結論是，液體飼料飼喂斷奶仔豬沒有好處，無論液體飼料是否新鮮、酸化或發(fā)酵的形式。 Table 12. Effect of liquid feeding on pig performancea (LSMb ± SEM; Lawlor et al. 2002b) 表12.液體飼料對豬的影響（LSMB±SEM; Lawlor等人2002年b） 表注呢？需要翻譯！ 8. Feeding milk replacer post-weaning Feeding milk replacer in the immediate post-weaning period could be an effective strategy to increase feed intake and daily gain in the critical few days after weaning. Feeding a milk replacer plus starter diet for 4 days after weaning increased daily gain by 20-30% in the first week after weaning when compared with feeding the starter diet alone. The pigs also contained more protein and fat in their carcasses and had longer intestinal villi than pigs that were left on the sow, or pigs that were weaned directly onto starter diet (Zijlstra et al., 1996). Low post-weaning intakes are responsible for the reduction in villous height seen after weaning. This villous shortening accentuates the low growth rates normally observed in the first week after weaning. However, offering liquid milk diets at regular intervals during this period could help maintain gut integrity, and thereby help overcome the growth lag at this time (Pluske et al., 1995). 8.斷奶后飼喂代乳品 在斷奶期喂養(yǎng)代乳品可能是斷奶后增加采食量和日增重的有效策略。在斷奶后用代乳品+教槽料飼喂4天，與單獨飼喂開食料相比，斷奶后第一周日增重可增加20%-30％。與留在母豬身邊的仔豬相比，或者與斷奶后直接飼喂開食料的仔豬相比，這些仔豬的胴體含有更多的蛋白質和脂肪，并且小腸絨毛更長（澤吉爾斯達等，1996）。在斷奶后采食量低可導致絨毛高度的降低。這種絨毛縮短使得斷奶后第一周本來就低的生長速度更加惡化。然而,在此期間定期提供液態(tài)奶的日糧有助于維護腸道的完整性,從而有助于仔豬克服這時的生長滯后(Pluske et al .,1995)。 Feeding liquid milk post-weaning is not widely practiced due to economic and labour considerations. However, this is a strategy that could benefit immediate post-weaning feed intake and growth of, in particular, light weaned pigs. Extreme caution would be advised regarding hygiene for the system used to both deliver and feed the milk replacer to avoid associated health problems. 由于經濟和勞動力方面的考慮，喂養(yǎng)液態(tài)奶沒有被廣泛使用。然而,這個策略可以立即有助于仔豬飼料攝入量，尤其是斷奶體重小的仔豬，生長更快。極謹慎的建議是注意系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)生，這些用于飼喂飼料代乳品的工具，以避免相關的健康問題。 | 
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