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發(fā)表于 2007-5-31 16:36:32
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1. FEEDING BEHAVIOUR – MORE THAN MEETS THE MOUTH 作者B.L. Nielsen
One of the easiest ways to get an animal to do something is through feeding. Feeding
behaviour is the effort of an animal to fulfi l one of its most basic needs. It links the
discipl ines of nutrition and ethology, and covers a broad spectrum of behavioural
studies from intricate measures of bite size in rats to binocular observations of foraging in wild ungulates. We sometimes fi nd it diffi cult to distinguish between exploratory and foraging behaviour, as the latter traditionally comprises both appetitive and consummatory phases. Different species display fascinating temporal patterns in their feeding behaviour from animals managing without food for extended periods to animals that need to eat
every few hours. Feeding behaviour also contains such diverse aspects as rumination,
coprophagy,and contra-free loading; there are changes over time due to the
experience, maturity and size of the animal, as well as seasonal changes.
The study of feeding behaviour has given rise to a vast body of literature. Some are
concerned with the concepts of hunger and satiety, whereas others deal with feeding
behaviour in much broader terms, such as daily food intake. Short-term feeding
behaviour lies in this overlap. Short-term feeding behaviour encompasses the
`what to eat` and the `when to eat`, and spans from bite and mouthful over feeder
visit to meals and daily food intake. The intricate correlations and dependencies between
the various measures of short-term feeding behaviour in the way in which an animal
obtain its daily food intake will be discussed. This will demonstrate how feeding behaviour is a very important tool in understanding the relative importance of food intake, social
constraint and behavioural synchrony of a group. Examples will be given of how
ethologists and nutritionists can utilise the otherwise hidden information, that studies of
feeding behaviour can reveal.
2.THE FUNCTION OF SOCIALLY FACILITATED FEEDING作者A. Lundberg 等
Hypotheses of the function of social facilitation include local resource competition,
learning about new food and increasing group synchronisation. To distinguish among
these hypotheses, information about the proximate causal factors involved is required.
In a series of four experiments we studied social facilitation and feeding in hens. Factors
investigated were (1) pecking intensity and food consumed by the stimulus bird by
altering the food deprivation time between 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours, (2) feeding motivation of the test bird by depriving the test bird for 0, 1, 6 or 12 hours, (3) whether food was novel in combination with differences in familiarity and rank of the stimulus bird and
(4) the novelty of food and whether stimulus bird were feeding. None of the different
deprivation treatments in experiments 1 and 2 affected social facilitation and no effects
of rank or familiarity of the stimulus bird was found. In experiment 3, testing novel food, test birds ate more of novel than familiar food (P=0.004). But in experiment 4, test birds ate more familiar than novel food (P=0.015) and in addition test birds ate more when
stimulus birds were feeding compared to standing (P=0.034), implying social facilitation.
In conclusion, social facilitation was only found in one experiment and the hypothesis
that social facilitation is caused by local resource competition or that the function is to
learn about new food resources can not be fully supported. Since social facilitation was
not always found, not even in the basic experimental setup designed to trigger social
facilitation, we also propose that social facilitation is not as clear a phenomenon as is
often proposed.
3.Social rank and feeding behaviour of group-housed sows fed competitively
or ad libitum 作者：F. Brouns*, S.A. Edwards
來(lái)自：Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39 (1994) 225-235
A restricted feeding regimen is adopted in commercial practice to maintain an
almost constant body-condition of the sow throughout the reproductive cycle.
Depending on the manner of distribution of this limited amount of food between
sows in a group-housing situation, competition can result in unequal distribution
of food and loss of condition of low-ranking sows (Brouns and Edwards, 1992 ).
This kind of competition is likely to occur in feeding systems where the food is
distributed once or twice daily on the floor (floor-feeding) and is aggravated by
a low feeding level (McBride et al., 1964; Baxter, 1983 ). A conventional diet is
concentrated in nutrients and although it is sufficient for good health and performance,
it might not fulfil other needs of the sow, since the small amount of
food is unlikely to give a feeling of satiety (Lawrence et al., 1988 ). Provision of
a diet ad libitum should, in theory, obviate the need for competition and eliminate
negative consequences for low-ranking sows.
4. Behaviour of pigs with viral and bacterial pneumonia
(具有病毒性或細(xì)菌性肺炎的豬的行為）
作者：Jeffery Escobar, William G. Van Alstine, 等
來(lái)自：Applied Animal Behaviour Science Volume 105, Issues 1-3,
Abstract
The behavioural response to infection is well organized and may enhance disease
resistance and facilitate recovery, but the behaviour of pigs with an acute respiratory
infection has not been assessed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate
behaviour of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) and porcine
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Sixty-four pigs were subjected
to one of four treatment combinations (2 × 2 factorial) of Mh (inoculated at 4 weeks of
age) and PRRSV (inoculated at 6 weeks of age). The four treatments were (1) control, (2) inoculation with Mh, (3) inoculation with PRRSV, and (4) inoculation with both Mh
and PRRSV. One-half of the pigs from each treatment were killed 7 days after PRRSV
inoculation for purposes unrelated to this study and hence were not used for
behavioural analysis. Pigs that were included were video recorded during the 18 h light
phase for 13 days beginning the day of PRRSV inoculation. Food intake and time spent
feeding,active (standing, including walking, sitting, or feeding) and lying were
determined. When pigs were lying a determination was made as to whether they were
lying ventrally or laterally, and in contact with a penmate. Body temperature was
measured 7 and 14
days after PRRSV inoculation. After inoculation with PRRSV, there was no significant
main effect of Mh or interaction between Mh and PRRSV for food intake, body
temperature, or any behaviour measured. Thus, the four treatments were pooled to
form two treatments designated PRRSV negative (control and Mh; PRRSV−) and
PRRSV positive (PRRSV and Mh with PRRSV; PRRSV+) and analyzed. Each day after
PRRSV inoculation, PRRSV+ pigs spent less time (P = 0.005) feeding compared to
PRRSV− pigs, and the decrease in feeding time was associated with a decrease in food
intake (P < 0.001). PRRSV+ pigs decreased (P < 0.001) activity after inoculation with
PRRSV compared to PRRSV− pigs and the amount of time spent lying was greater
(P < 0.001) in PRRSV+ pigs compared to PRRSV− pigs. Furthermore, PRRSV+ pigs
spent more of their total lying time in a ventral position (P = 0.06) and in contact with
a penmate (P < 0.001) compared to PRRSV− pigs. Body temperature was increased
(P < 0.001) in PRRSV+ pigs 7 days after PRRSV inoculation. Since sickness behaviour
and fever are adaptive responses to infection, these data indicate that pigs with an
acute PRRSV infection evoke a behavioural strategy that may support recovery.
有興趣的人可以翻譯一下，當(dāng)然選出一段翻譯也行，呵呵只要滿足我們200字的要求。
[ 本帖最后由 中國(guó)西翁 于 2007-6-2 19:06 編輯 ] |
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